{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3017230281","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2988325","title":"Thin-Film Tandem Organic Solar Cells With Improved Efficiency","display_name":"Thin-Film Tandem Organic Solar Cells With Improved Efficiency","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3017230281","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2988325","mag":"3017230281"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2988325","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2988325","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09069278.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09069278.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101670096","display_name":"Waqas Farooq","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202376891","display_name":"Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04dx2y384","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202376891"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Waqas Farooq","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3413-5811","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202376891"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007711976","display_name":"Aimal Daud Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1345-8611"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3923682","display_name":"Soochow University","ror":"https://ror.org/05t8y2r12","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610274","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar","ror":"https://ror.org/00p034093","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610274"]}],"countries":["CN","PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aimal Daud Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Energy, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS (SIEMIS), Soochow University, Suzhou, China","Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technology of Jiangsu Province, Suzhou, China","Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Technologies of Ministry of Education, Suzhou, China","US\u2013Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1345-8611","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Energy, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS (SIEMIS), Soochow University, Suzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technology of Jiangsu Province, Suzhou, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Technologies of Ministry of Education, Suzhou, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"US\u2013Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610274"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073932487","display_name":"Adnan Daud Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6579-4564"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3923682","display_name":"Soochow University","ror":"https://ror.org/05t8y2r12","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610274","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar","ror":"https://ror.org/00p034093","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610274"]}],"countries":["CN","PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adnan Daud Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Energy, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS (SIEMIS), Soochow University, Suzhou, China","Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technology of Jiangsu Province, Suzhou, China","Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Technologies of Ministry of Education, Suzhou, China","US\u2013Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6579-4564","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Energy, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS (SIEMIS), Soochow University, Suzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technology of Jiangsu Province, Suzhou, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Technologies of Ministry of Education, Suzhou, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"US\u2013Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610274"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010783529","display_name":"Abdul Rauf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0392-8704"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdul Rauf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0392-8704","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084254025","display_name":"Sultan Daud Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7406-8441"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143942","display_name":"National University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05e21fw44","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143942"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sultan Daud Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, National University of Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, National University of Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143942"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077729108","display_name":"Haider Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2261-4105"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112276","display_name":"Northern University","ror":"https://ror.org/02at53m79","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210112276"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haider Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Technology, University of Technology, Nowshera, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2261-4105","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Technology, University of Technology, Nowshera, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112276"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001643289","display_name":"Javed Iqbal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7747-8801"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202376891","display_name":"Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04dx2y384","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202376891"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Javed Iqbal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202376891"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039401755","display_name":"Rehan Ullah Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3323-2732"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I156216236","display_name":"Qassim University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wsfe280","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I156216236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092650","display_name":"Buraydah Colleges","ror":"https://ror.org/00j0krs40","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092650"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rehan Ullah Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, College of Computer, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, College of Computer, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092650","https://openalex.org/I156216236"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028071642","display_name":"Muhammad Noman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8718-6386"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610274","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar","ror":"https://ror.org/00p034093","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610274"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Noman","raw_affiliation_strings":["US\u2013Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8718-6386","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"US\u2013Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610274"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.3528,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80594072,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"74093","last_page":"74100"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10045","display_name":"Organic Electronics and Photovoltaics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10045","display_name":"Organic Electronics and Photovoltaics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10660","display_name":"Conducting polymers and applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2507","display_name":"Polymers and Plastics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10247","display_name":"Perovskite Materials and Applications","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tandem","display_name":"Tandem","score":0.8248101472854614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/notation","display_name":"Notation","score":0.7040287852287292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3627524673938751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3501783013343811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.33094996213912964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.27530795335769653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.2200809121131897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.1228100061416626}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777814067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1752317","display_name":"Tandem","level":2,"score":0.8248101472854614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45357846","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001982","display_name":"Notation","level":2,"score":0.7040287852287292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3627524673938751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3501783013343811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.33094996213912964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.27530795335769653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.2200809121131897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.1228100061416626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2988325","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2988325","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09069278.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b9cab1dd5f1a4abdb5e46287ff174085","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b9cab1dd5f1a4abdb5e46287ff174085","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 74093-74100 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2988325","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2988325","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09069278.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.5899999737739563}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3017230281.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3017230281.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1791871092","https://openalex.org/W1967086187","https://openalex.org/W1969127070","https://openalex.org/W1982646593","https://openalex.org/W1993644462","https://openalex.org/W2005928843","https://openalex.org/W2006736200","https://openalex.org/W2016076084","https://openalex.org/W2023837051","https://openalex.org/W2024582550","https://openalex.org/W2026139448","https://openalex.org/W2029637177","https://openalex.org/W2030266247","https://openalex.org/W2034267235","https://openalex.org/W2037828341","https://openalex.org/W2047951832","https://openalex.org/W2085106484","https://openalex.org/W2093461365","https://openalex.org/W2097795991","https://openalex.org/W2098531867","https://openalex.org/W2099587746","https://openalex.org/W2101641499","https://openalex.org/W2102688868","https://openalex.org/W2105457180","https://openalex.org/W2106448406","https://openalex.org/W2131071737","https://openalex.org/W2141351938","https://openalex.org/W2157997643","https://openalex.org/W2158112668","https://openalex.org/W2158552908","https://openalex.org/W2160891256","https://openalex.org/W2529179362","https://openalex.org/W2547189954","https://openalex.org/W2560502973","https://openalex.org/W2588820339","https://openalex.org/W2611127703","https://openalex.org/W2789350280","https://openalex.org/W2794177209","https://openalex.org/W2808103425","https://openalex.org/W2888048443","https://openalex.org/W2893388350","https://openalex.org/W2903225830","https://openalex.org/W2946588762","https://openalex.org/W4243979002","https://openalex.org/W4246883187","https://openalex.org/W6677170965","https://openalex.org/W6678325079"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2023186083","https://openalex.org/W1979597421","https://openalex.org/W2007980826","https://openalex.org/W4323262585","https://openalex.org/W4245490552","https://openalex.org/W4225152035","https://openalex.org/W2504004674","https://openalex.org/W2061531152","https://openalex.org/W3002753104"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Seeking":[0],"high":[1,25,168],"power":[2],"conversion":[3,26],"efficiency":[4,27,144],"is":[5,21,85,176],"always":[6],"a":[7],"striving":[8],"pathway":[9],"for":[10,113,179],"many":[11],"researchers":[12],"to":[13,23,28,98,154,160],"commercialize":[14],"organic":[15,48,65],"solar":[16,30],"cells":[17],"(OSCs).":[18],"Thus,":[19],"it":[20],"essential":[22],"achieve":[24],"make":[29],"oriented":[31],"devices":[32],"as":[33,68,74],"truly":[34],"green":[35],"energy":[36],"resource.":[37],"In":[38],"this":[39],"paper,":[40],"we":[41],"report":[42],"novel":[43],"tandem":[44,60,83,108,156],"structures":[45,61],"based":[46],"on":[47],"materials":[49,66],"in":[50],"which":[51,170],"homo":[52,59,155],"and":[53,71,76,93,143,158,164],"hybrid":[54,82,107],"schemes":[55],"are":[56],"utilized.":[57],"The":[58],"involve":[62],"the":[63,81,88,106,173],"well-known":[64],"such":[67],"P3HT:":[69,91],"PCBM":[70,73,92],"PTB7:":[72,94],"top":[75],"bottom":[77],"absorber":[78],"layers,":[79],"while":[80],"structure":[84,109,175],"made":[86],"by":[87],"combination":[89],"of":[90],"PCBM,":[95],"respectively.":[96],"Due":[97],"different":[99],"absorption":[100],"coefficients,":[101],"simulation":[102],"results":[103],"indicate":[104],"that":[105,172],"exhibit":[110],"large":[111],"values":[112],"current":[114],"density":[115],"<inline-formula":[116,126,136,145],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[117,127,137,146],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[118,128,138,147],"<tex-math":[119,129,139,148],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$J_{sc}=22.60mA/cm^{2}$":[120],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[121,132,141,151],",":[122,133,142,152],"open":[123],"circuit":[124],"voltage":[125],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$V_{oc}=":[130],"0.85V$":[131],"fill":[134],"factor":[135],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$FF=68.21{\\%}$":[140],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\eta":[149],"=13.96{\\%}$":[150],"compared":[153],"cell":[157],"proves":[159],"be":[161],"more":[162,177],"efficient":[163],"highly":[165],"stable":[166],"towards":[167],"temperatures,":[169],"indicates":[171],"proposed":[174],"suitable":[178],"practical":[180],"applications.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}