{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3015272656","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2986815","title":"Deep Fusion for 3D Gaze Estimation From Natural Face Images Using Multi-Stream CNNs","display_name":"Deep Fusion for 3D Gaze Estimation From Natural Face Images Using Multi-Stream CNNs","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3015272656","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2986815","mag":"3015272656"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2986815","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2986815","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09062592.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09062592.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024539407","display_name":"Abid Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8994-6171"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28777354","display_name":"Sejong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00aft1q37","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abid Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064727471","display_name":"Yong-Guk Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4645-1395"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28777354","display_name":"Sejong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00aft1q37","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yong-Guk Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4645-1395","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.7094,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83801938,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"69212","last_page":"69221"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13731","display_name":"Advanced Computing and Algorithms","score":0.986299991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9713000059127808,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.8717628121376038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8642101287841797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.8019099235534668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7872488498687744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.5941638350486755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5775814652442932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5259525775909424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.4856375753879547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformation","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","score":0.46214544773101807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.4592655897140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.44369786977767944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.43302616477012634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.41999638080596924}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.8717628121376038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8642101287841797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.8019099235534668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7872488498687744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.5941638350486755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5775814652442932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5259525775909424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.4856375753879547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204241405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461499","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.46214544773101807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.4592655897140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.44369786977767944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.43302616477012634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.41999638080596924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2986815","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2986815","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09062592.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3904a1fb4d6e40109dbaef00562f9421","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3904a1fb4d6e40109dbaef00562f9421","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 69212-69221 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2986815","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2986815","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09062592.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion","ror":"https://ror.org/01g0hqq23"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3015272656.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3015272656.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":69,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1589443630","https://openalex.org/W1677182931","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1849277567","https://openalex.org/W1946259682","https://openalex.org/W1981932863","https://openalex.org/W1989597595","https://openalex.org/W2001252859","https://openalex.org/W2004128235","https://openalex.org/W2007384358","https://openalex.org/W2027879843","https://openalex.org/W2034250321","https://openalex.org/W2034382626","https://openalex.org/W2042906110","https://openalex.org/W2049779385","https://openalex.org/W2064165194","https://openalex.org/W2099788879","https://openalex.org/W2102804490","https://openalex.org/W2103289133","https://openalex.org/W2105899846","https://openalex.org/W2112547031","https://openalex.org/W2130313210","https://openalex.org/W2130566362","https://openalex.org/W2147156975","https://openalex.org/W2148322785","https://openalex.org/W2156964236","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2166053089","https://openalex.org/W2234649517","https://openalex.org/W2258333130","https://openalex.org/W2294096036","https://openalex.org/W2340449767","https://openalex.org/W2468114283","https://openalex.org/W2474916790","https://openalex.org/W2557669140","https://openalex.org/W2765629358","https://openalex.org/W2793745122","https://openalex.org/W2796850409","https://openalex.org/W2798322248","https://openalex.org/W2805941539","https://openalex.org/W2884915206","https://openalex.org/W2891719020","https://openalex.org/W2895535699","https://openalex.org/W2897890508","https://openalex.org/W2904814274","https://openalex.org/W2914496424","https://openalex.org/W2917313060","https://openalex.org/W2939489045","https://openalex.org/W2964121744","https://openalex.org/W2965179346","https://openalex.org/W2981907288","https://openalex.org/W3106262690","https://openalex.org/W4205616319","https://openalex.org/W4253610825","https://openalex.org/W4254177266","https://openalex.org/W4294540998","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6635414781","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6640564649","https://openalex.org/W6675405564","https://openalex.org/W6676086432","https://openalex.org/W6676750203","https://openalex.org/W6679336668","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6692466239","https://openalex.org/W6751368850","https://openalex.org/W6753668856"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1880689012","https://openalex.org/W3014378845","https://openalex.org/W4240909707","https://openalex.org/W4226493464","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W2951211570","https://openalex.org/W3103566983","https://openalex.org/W2161294397","https://openalex.org/W2012644758","https://openalex.org/W3196371174"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Over":[0],"the":[1,62,82,102,108,115],"last":[2],"few":[3],"decades,":[4],"eye":[5,134],"gaze":[6,20,77,124,135],"estimation":[7,78],"techniques":[8],"have":[9],"been":[10],"thoroughly":[11],"investigated":[12],"by":[13,121],"many":[14],"researchers.":[15],"However,":[16],"predicting":[17],"a":[18,22,75,87,165],"3D":[19,76],"from":[21],"2D":[23],"natural":[24],"image":[25],"remains":[26],"challenging":[27],"because":[28],"it":[29,163],"has":[30,164],"to":[31,94],"deal":[32],"with":[33,149],"several":[34,112],"issues":[35],"such":[36,100],"as":[37,101],"diverse":[38],"head":[39,109],"positions,":[40],"face":[41],"shape":[42],"transformation,":[43],"illumination":[44],"variations,":[45],"and":[46,60,107,154],"subject":[47],"individuality.":[48],"Many":[49],"previous":[50],"studies":[51],"employ":[52],"convolutional":[53],"neural":[54,89],"networks":[55],"(CNNs)":[56],"for":[57,66,152,157,167],"this":[58,71],"task,":[59],"yet":[61],"accuracy":[63],"needs":[64],"improvement":[65],"its":[67],"practical":[68],"use.":[69],"In":[70],"paper,":[72],"we":[73],"propose":[74],"framework":[79],"based":[80],"on":[81],"data":[83,116],"science":[84],"perspective:":[85],"First,":[86],"novel":[88],"network":[90],"architecture":[91],"is":[92,119],"designed":[93],"exploit":[95],"every":[96],"possible":[97],"visual":[98],"attribute":[99],"states":[103],"of":[104],"both":[105],"eyes":[106],"position,":[110],"including":[111,137],"augmentations;":[113],"secondly,":[114],"fusion":[117],"method":[118,146],"utilized":[120],"incorporating":[122],"multiple":[123],"datasets.":[125],"Extensive":[126],"experiments":[127],"were":[128],"carried":[129],"out":[130],"using":[131],"two":[132],"standard":[133],"datasets,":[136],"comparative":[138],"analysis.":[139],"The":[140],"experimental":[141],"results":[142],"suggest":[143],"that":[144,162],"our":[145],"outperforms":[147],"state-of-the-art":[148],"2.8":[150],"degrees":[151,156],"MPIIGaze":[153],"3.05":[155],"EYEDIAP":[158],"dataset,":[159],"respectively,":[160],"indicating":[161],"potential":[166],"real":[168],"applications.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
