{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3015948701","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2986810","title":"Machine Learning and End-to-End Deep Learning for Monitoring Driver Distractions From Physiological and Visual Signals","display_name":"Machine Learning and End-to-End Deep Learning for Monitoring Driver Distractions From Physiological and Visual Signals","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3015948701","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2986810","mag":"3015948701"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2986810","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2986810","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09062481.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09062481.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037458079","display_name":"Martin Gjoreski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1220-7418"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3006985408","display_name":"Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05060sz93","country_code":"SI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3006985408"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Martin Gjoreski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3006985408"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043419128","display_name":"Matja\u017e Gams","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5747-0711"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3006985408","display_name":"Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05060sz93","country_code":"SI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3006985408"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matja Z Gams","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3006985408"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056131302","display_name":"Mitja Lu\u0161trek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3219-2935"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3006985408","display_name":"Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05060sz93","country_code":"SI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3006985408"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mitja Lustrek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3006985408"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079719853","display_name":"Pelin Genc","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124274","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits","ror":"https://ror.org/024ape423","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124274","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pelin Genc","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intelligent Systems Group, Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS, Erlangen, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Systems Group, Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS, Erlangen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124274"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103533236","display_name":"Jens-U. Garbas","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124274","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits","ror":"https://ror.org/024ape423","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124274","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jens-U. Garbas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intelligent Systems Group, Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS, Erlangen, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Systems Group, Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS, Erlangen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124274"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090769034","display_name":"Teena Hassan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6105-0752"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124274","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits","ror":"https://ror.org/024ape423","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124274","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Teena Hassan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intelligent Systems Group, Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS, Erlangen, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Systems Group, Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS, Erlangen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124274"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5037458079"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3006985408"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":5.9113,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":83,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97112102,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"70590","last_page":"70603"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11373","display_name":"Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distraction","display_name":"Distraction","score":0.819495439529419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.671504020690918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distracted-driving","display_name":"Distracted driving","score":0.6439433097839355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-computer","display_name":"Wearable computer","score":0.5930001735687256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.549410879611969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/driving-simulator","display_name":"Driving simulator","score":0.528417706489563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.4386459290981293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3843272924423218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.1575327217578888}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776378700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3030775","display_name":"Distraction","level":2,"score":0.819495439529419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.671504020690918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776465824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5283083","display_name":"Distracted driving","level":3,"score":0.6439433097839355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150594956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829","display_name":"Wearable computer","level":2,"score":0.5930001735687256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.549410879611969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780689630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2081815","display_name":"Driving simulator","level":2,"score":0.528417706489563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.4386459290981293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3843272924423218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.1575327217578888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2986810","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2986810","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09062481.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7bac0b0be88542c38227cafab76d121e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7bac0b0be88542c38227cafab76d121e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 70590-70603 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:fraunhofer.de:N-596688","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://publica.fraunhofer.de/documents/N-596688.html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400801","display_name":"Publikationsdatenbank der Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Fraunhofer IIS","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pub.h-brs.de:6755","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pub.h-brs.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/6755","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400385","display_name":"Publication Server of Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences (Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I135140700","host_organization_name":"University of Bonn","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135140700"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISSN 2169-3536","raw_type":"doc-type:article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publica.fraunhofer.de:publica/263494","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/263494","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400318","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"journal article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2986810","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2986810","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09062481.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G318071743","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"57451027","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320875","funder_display_name":"Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3771047650","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"57451027","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334761","funder_display_name":"German Academic Exchange Service London"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3813964268","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U2-AG-16/0672","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322554","funder_display_name":"Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3896159038","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U2-AG-16/0672, 0287","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322554","funder_display_name":"Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8586358832","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"0287","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322554","funder_display_name":"Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320875","display_name":"Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst","ror":"https://ror.org/039djdh30"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321773","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/05hkkdn48"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322554","display_name":"Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS","ror":"https://ror.org/059bp8k51"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334761","display_name":"German Academic Exchange Service London","ror":"https://ror.org/039djdh30"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3015948701.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3015948701.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":92,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1528620860","https://openalex.org/W1536128259","https://openalex.org/W1563088657","https://openalex.org/W1588539311","https://openalex.org/W1665214252","https://openalex.org/W1833977909","https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W1857789879","https://openalex.org/W1930624869","https://openalex.org/W1980287119","https://openalex.org/W1991801742","https://openalex.org/W1995341919","https://openalex.org/W2009193978","https://openalex.org/W2013399268","https://openalex.org/W2019177772","https://openalex.org/W2019304502","https://openalex.org/W2052770734","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2092728879","https://openalex.org/W2100649405","https://openalex.org/W2103978011","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2113594567","https://openalex.org/W2115576097","https://openalex.org/W2130325614","https://openalex.org/W2131213359","https://openalex.org/W2136848157","https://openalex.org/W2141359934","https://openalex.org/W2142578527","https://openalex.org/W2147169507","https://openalex.org/W2147924864","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2167600723","https://openalex.org/W2171801645","https://openalex.org/W2182214061","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2210976041","https://openalex.org/W2215053149","https://openalex.org/W2272340902","https://openalex.org/W2274287116","https://openalex.org/W2298837599","https://openalex.org/W2310372072","https://openalex.org/W2324736398","https://openalex.org/W2343780159","https://openalex.org/W2371915244","https://openalex.org/W2428938247","https://openalex.org/W2498787287","https://openalex.org/W2505619618","https://openalex.org/W2540183746","https://openalex.org/W2546302380","https://openalex.org/W2572121321","https://openalex.org/W2604521289","https://openalex.org/W2617632090","https://openalex.org/W2623293810","https://openalex.org/W2733839197","https://openalex.org/W2736494635","https://openalex.org/W2742338588","https://openalex.org/W2742947407","https://openalex.org/W2783719297","https://openalex.org/W2799265886","https://openalex.org/W2884001105","https://openalex.org/W2886930565","https://openalex.org/W2893878948","https://openalex.org/W2894818097","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2896948499","https://openalex.org/W2905152568","https://openalex.org/W2912934387","https://openalex.org/W2919287442","https://openalex.org/W2946287218","https://openalex.org/W2949117887","https://openalex.org/W2963341956","https://openalex.org/W2964350391","https://openalex.org/W2965846681","https://openalex.org/W2971670291","https://openalex.org/W2998704965","https://openalex.org/W3001215021","https://openalex.org/W3019253063","https://openalex.org/W3100763996","https://openalex.org/W4205947740","https://openalex.org/W4212883601","https://openalex.org/W4244238212","https://openalex.org/W4248437541","https://openalex.org/W6637242042","https://openalex.org/W6638667902","https://openalex.org/W6680532216","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6694260854","https://openalex.org/W6697514950","https://openalex.org/W6731848430","https://openalex.org/W6741306226","https://openalex.org/W6755207826"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W626594146","https://openalex.org/W2051187670","https://openalex.org/W2891960815","https://openalex.org/W2946368029","https://openalex.org/W3134108314","https://openalex.org/W2058597075","https://openalex.org/W2083853826","https://openalex.org/W2143855856","https://openalex.org/W4383901024","https://openalex.org/W2029007596"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"It":[0],"is":[1,68],"only":[2],"a":[3,18,125,178,230],"matter":[4],"of":[5,58,115,118,147,161,182,198,212,237,245],"time":[6],"until":[7],"autonomous":[8],"vehicles":[9],"become":[10],"ubiquitous;":[11],"however,":[12],"human":[13],"driving":[14,59,127,219,250],"supervision":[15],"will":[16],"remain":[17],"necessity":[19],"for":[20,112,139],"decades.":[21],"To":[22],"assess":[23],"the":[24,31,50,113,135,145,155,195,203],"driver's":[25],"ability":[26],"to":[27,77],"take":[28],"control":[29],"over":[30],"vehicle":[32],"in":[33,49,124],"critical":[34],"scenarios,":[35],"driver":[36,141],"distractions":[37,60],"can":[38,62],"be":[39,63],"monitored":[40],"using":[41,209],"wearable":[42],"sensors":[43,45,67,85,97],"or":[44,192],"that":[46,61,73,134,186,269],"are":[47],"embedded":[48],"vehicle,":[51],"such":[52,259],"as":[53,214,260],"video":[54],"cameras.":[55],"The":[56,120,130,158,225],"types":[57,117],"sensed":[64],"with":[65,149],"various":[66],"an":[69,235,243],"open":[70],"research":[71],"question":[72],"this":[74,253],"study":[75,80,254],"attempts":[76],"answer.":[78],"This":[79],"compared":[81],"data":[82],"from":[83],"physiological":[84],"(palm":[86],"electrodermal":[87],"activity":[88],"(pEDA),":[89],"heart":[90],"rate":[91],"and":[92,95,107,152,167,242,256,265],"breathing":[93],"rate)":[94],"visual":[96],"(eye":[98],"tracking,":[99],"pupil":[100],"diameter,":[101],"nasal":[102],"EDA":[103],"(nEDA),":[104],"emotional":[105,150],"activation":[106,151],"facial":[108],"action":[109],"units":[110],"(AUs))":[111],"detection":[114],"four":[116],"distractions.":[119],"dataset":[121],"was":[122,200,223,229],"collected":[123],"previous":[126],"simulation":[128],"study.":[129],"statistical":[131],"tests":[132],"showed":[133,185],"most":[136,156],"informative":[137],"feature/modality":[138],"detecting":[140],"distraction":[142],"depends":[143],"on":[144,177],"type":[146],"distraction,":[148],"AUs":[153,213],"being":[154],"promising.":[157],"experimental":[159],"comparison":[160],"seven":[162,168],"classical":[163],"machine":[164],"learning":[165,171],"(ML)":[166],"end-to-end":[169],"deep":[170],"(DL)":[172],"methods,":[173],"which":[174,233],"were":[175],"evaluated":[176],"separate":[179],"test":[180],"set":[181],"10":[183],"subjects,":[184],"when":[187,239,247],"classifying":[188,217,240,248],"windows":[189,211],"into":[190],"distracted":[191],"not":[193],"distracted,":[194],"highest":[196],"F1-score":[197,222,236,244],"79%":[199],"realized":[201,234],"by":[202],"extreme":[204],"gradient":[205],"boosting":[206],"(XGB)":[207],"classifier":[208],"60-second":[210],"input.":[215],"When":[216],"complete":[218,249],"sessions,":[220],"XGB's":[221],"94%.":[224],"best-performing":[226],"DL":[227],"model":[228],"spectro-temporal":[231],"ResNet,":[232],"75%":[238],"segments":[241],"87%":[246],"sessions.":[251],"Finally,":[252],"identified":[255],"discussed":[257],"problems,":[258],"label":[261],"jitter,":[262],"scenario":[263],"overfitting":[264],"unsatisfactory":[266],"generalization":[267],"performance,":[268],"may":[270],"adversely":[271],"affect":[272],"related":[273],"ML":[274],"approaches.":[275]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
