{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3011835423","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2982035","title":"Classifying El Ni\u00f1o-Southern Oscillation Combining Network Science and Machine Learning","display_name":"Classifying El Ni\u00f1o-Southern Oscillation Combining Network Science and Machine Learning","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3011835423","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2982035","mag":"3011835423"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2982035","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2982035","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09042254.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09042254.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021975249","display_name":"Matheus A. De Castro Santos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8829-7598"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I88273585","display_name":"Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/02k5swt12","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88273585"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matheus A. De Castro Santos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8829-7598","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I88273585"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090038371","display_name":"Didier A. Vega\u2010Oliveros","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9569-3775"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1331278255","display_name":"Universidade de Ribeir\u00e3o Preto","ror":"https://ror.org/00ey54k21","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1331278255"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17974374","display_name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/036rp1748","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119109","display_name":"Indiana University Bloomington","ror":"https://ror.org/02k40bc56","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109","https://openalex.org/I592451"]}],"countries":["BR","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Didier A. Vega-Oliveros","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences, and Letters at Ribeir\u00e3o Preto (FFCLRP), University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, Brazil","School of Informatics, Computing and Engineering, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9569-3775","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences, and Letters at Ribeir\u00e3o Preto (FFCLRP), University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1331278255","https://openalex.org/I17974374"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Informatics, Computing and Engineering, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100697945","display_name":"Liang Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1502-6604"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107371206","display_name":"Federal Institute of S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/005pn5z34","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107371206"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1331278255","display_name":"Universidade de Ribeir\u00e3o Preto","ror":"https://ror.org/00ey54k21","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1331278255"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17974374","display_name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/036rp1748","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liang Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of So Paulo, - , , , and ,","Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences, and Letters at Ribeir\u00e3o Preto (FFCLRP), University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1502-6604","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of So Paulo, - , , , and ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107371206"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences, and Letters at Ribeir\u00e3o Preto (FFCLRP), University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1331278255","https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079991821","display_name":"Lilian Berton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1397-6005"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107371206","display_name":"Federal Institute of S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/005pn5z34","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107371206"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I88273585","display_name":"Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/02k5swt12","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88273585"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lilian Berton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of So Paulo, - , , , and ,","Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1397-6005","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of So Paulo, - , , , and ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107371206"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I88273585"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.9531,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7423531,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"55711","last_page":"55723"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10029","display_name":"Climate variability and models","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10029","display_name":"Climate variability and models","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11270","display_name":"Complex Systems and Time Series Analysis","score":0.9757000207901001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.9531000256538391,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/el-ni\u00f1o-southern-oscillation","display_name":"El Ni\u00f1o Southern Oscillation","score":0.6357934474945068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5655900239944458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/complex-network","display_name":"Complex network","score":0.5538983941078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5404809713363647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5204013586044312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/big-data","display_name":"Big data","score":0.51827472448349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct","display_name":"Construct (python library)","score":0.5157952308654785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climatology","display_name":"Climatology","score":0.5134044885635376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-science","display_name":"Climate science","score":0.4769545793533325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oscillation","display_name":"Oscillation (cell signaling)","score":0.42765629291534424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weather-patterns","display_name":"Weather patterns","score":0.42688053846359253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-change","display_name":"Climate change","score":0.3310500383377075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.28661227226257324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.18844252824783325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oceanography","display_name":"Oceanography","score":0.1192929744720459}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C507956050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14524818","display_name":"El Ni\u00f1o Southern Oscillation","level":2,"score":0.6357934474945068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5655900239944458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34947359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q665189","display_name":"Complex network","level":2,"score":0.5538983941078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5404809713363647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5204013586044312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.51827472448349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.5157952308654785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.5134044885635376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986440788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climate science","level":3,"score":0.4769545793533325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778439541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7106412","display_name":"Oscillation (cell signaling)","level":2,"score":0.42765629291534424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993336609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11663","display_name":"Weather patterns","level":3,"score":0.42688053846359253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.3310500383377075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.28661227226257324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.18844252824783325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.1192929744720459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2982035","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2982035","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09042254.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:003039127","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2982035","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402641","display_name":"LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Cient\u00edficas)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4383465926","host_organization_name":"LA Referencia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4383465926"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"reponame:Reposit\u00f3rio Institucional da USP (Biblioteca Digital da Produ\u00e7\u00e3o Intelectual)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:dcbe030641674497afaad4e011b8fca0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/dcbe030641674497afaad4e011b8fca0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 55711-55723 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2982035","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2982035","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09042254.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.7400000095367432}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1185340078","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018/24260\u20105","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320997","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G128293724","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018/01722\u20133","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320997","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2735551472","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1740/2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3634520110","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2015/50122\u20130","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320997","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3835232917","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1740/2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320997","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4402799499","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2015/","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320997","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4665865895","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018/04029-7","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320997","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5933354011","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2015/50122","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320997","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6142430432","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016/23698\u20101","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320997","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320997","display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/02ddkpn78"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3011835423.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3011835423.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1875112053","https://openalex.org/W1990884945","https://openalex.org/W2041732931","https://openalex.org/W2042205148","https://openalex.org/W2046091570","https://openalex.org/W2057324758","https://openalex.org/W2063700061","https://openalex.org/W2065386084","https://openalex.org/W2115201009","https://openalex.org/W2121534406","https://openalex.org/W2122410182","https://openalex.org/W2125871170","https://openalex.org/W2128705129","https://openalex.org/W2133462743","https://openalex.org/W2140603473","https://openalex.org/W2173251738","https://openalex.org/W2336250209","https://openalex.org/W2394930177","https://openalex.org/W2397800115","https://openalex.org/W2476479720","https://openalex.org/W2559034748","https://openalex.org/W2572460719","https://openalex.org/W2577592654","https://openalex.org/W2594100196","https://openalex.org/W2596354642","https://openalex.org/W2599047341","https://openalex.org/W2729901515","https://openalex.org/W2736464904","https://openalex.org/W2738516213","https://openalex.org/W2742805574","https://openalex.org/W2795727710","https://openalex.org/W2801969109","https://openalex.org/W2802128556","https://openalex.org/W2886279203","https://openalex.org/W2895792207","https://openalex.org/W2899125647","https://openalex.org/W2910716882","https://openalex.org/W2911900038","https://openalex.org/W2911943116","https://openalex.org/W2921421878","https://openalex.org/W2941258100","https://openalex.org/W2948315246","https://openalex.org/W2953303856","https://openalex.org/W2953722276","https://openalex.org/W2958966344","https://openalex.org/W2963492042","https://openalex.org/W2963746589","https://openalex.org/W2964023767","https://openalex.org/W2968589779","https://openalex.org/W2973731563","https://openalex.org/W2998317772","https://openalex.org/W3037819556","https://openalex.org/W3104185286","https://openalex.org/W3104219039","https://openalex.org/W3124858585","https://openalex.org/W4238452917","https://openalex.org/W4251817184","https://openalex.org/W4288374496"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2004735650","https://openalex.org/W1551019254","https://openalex.org/W3140394137","https://openalex.org/W4400057464","https://openalex.org/W2000010777","https://openalex.org/W4399653598","https://openalex.org/W2057473185","https://openalex.org/W2786095512","https://openalex.org/W4396598906","https://openalex.org/W2353163050"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Machine":[0],"learning":[1,135,158],"and":[2,58,74,82,99,113,133,156],"complex":[3,22,122,161],"network":[4,76,123,154],"theory":[5],"have":[6],"emerged":[7],"as":[8,90],"crucial":[9],"tools":[10],"to":[11,21,29,32,78,138,159],"extract":[12],"meaningful":[13],"information":[14],"from":[15,68],"big":[16],"data,":[17],"especially":[18],"those":[19],"related":[20],"systems.":[23,166],"In":[24],"this":[25],"work,":[26],"we":[27],"aim":[28],"combine":[30],"them":[31],"analyze":[33,160],"El":[34,111],"Ni\u00f1o":[35,112],"Southern":[36],"Oscillation":[37],"(ENSO)":[38],"phases.":[39],"This":[40,145],"non-linear":[41],"phenomenon":[42],"consists":[43],"of":[44,47,108,130,143,150],"anomalous":[45],"(de)increase":[46],"temperature":[48],"at":[49],"the":[50,69,80,106,118,125,131,140],"tropical":[51],"Pacific":[52],"Ocean,":[53],"which":[54],"has":[55],"irregular":[56],"occurrence":[57],"causes":[59],"climatic":[60],"variability":[61],"worldwide.":[62],"We":[63,95],"construct":[64],"temporal":[65],"Climate":[66],"Networks":[67],"Surface":[70],"Air":[71],"Temperature":[72],"time-series":[73],"calculate":[75],"metrics":[77,87],"characterize":[79],"warm":[81],"cold":[83],"ENSO":[84],"episodes.":[85],"The":[86,121],"are":[88],"used":[89],"topological":[91],"features":[92],"for":[93,117],"classification.":[94],"employ":[96],"ten":[97],"classifiers":[98],"achieved":[100],"80%":[101],"AUC":[102],"ROC":[103],"when":[104],"predicting":[105],"intensity":[107],"Strong/":[109],"Weak":[110],"Strong/Weak":[114],"La":[115],"Ni\u00f1a":[116],"next":[119],"season.":[120],"represents":[124],"relationship":[126],"among":[127],"different":[128,141],"regions":[129],"planet":[132],"machine":[134,157],"creates":[136],"models":[137],"classify":[139],"classes":[142],"ENSO.":[144],"work":[146],"opens":[147],"new":[148],"paths":[149],"research":[151],"by":[152],"integrating":[153],"science":[155],"data":[162],"like":[163],"global":[164],"climate":[165]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}