{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3011322652","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2981598","title":"Optimal Data-Driven Control of an LCC HVDC System for Real-Time Grid Frequency Regulation","display_name":"Optimal Data-Driven Control of an LCC HVDC System for Real-Time Grid Frequency Regulation","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3011322652","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2981598","mag":"3011322652"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2981598","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2981598","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09040588.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09040588.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088087789","display_name":"Do-Hoon Kwon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6315-9882"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196471810","display_name":"Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03ctacd45","country_code":"KR","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196471810"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Do-Hoon Kwon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute (KERI), Uiwang-si, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6315-9882","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute (KERI), Uiwang-si, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196471810"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055588350","display_name":"Young-Jin Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5350-7735"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","display_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xysgw12","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Young-Jin Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5350-7735","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5088087789"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196471810"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.5201,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64010457,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"58470","last_page":"58482"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11102","display_name":"HVDC Systems and Fault Protection","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11102","display_name":"HVDC Systems and Fault Protection","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10305","display_name":"Power System Optimization and Stability","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10740","display_name":"Wind Turbine Control Systems","score":0.9915000200271606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/converters","display_name":"Converters","score":0.7065069079399109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.5871152281761169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5830401182174683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage-droop","display_name":"Voltage droop","score":0.5206990838050842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-quadratic-gaussian-control","display_name":"Linear-quadratic-Gaussian control","score":0.47553062438964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emulation","display_name":"Emulation","score":0.46516183018684387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-voltage-direct-current","display_name":"High-voltage direct current","score":0.4645274579524994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.46406492590904236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rectifier","display_name":"Rectifier (neural networks)","score":0.452591210603714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interfacing","display_name":"Interfacing","score":0.44456925988197327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-grid","display_name":"Frequency grid","score":0.436952143907547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-quadratic-regulator","display_name":"Linear-quadratic regulator","score":0.43618834018707275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.43032923340797424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.4122401475906372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.39796173572540283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage-regulator","display_name":"Voltage regulator","score":0.38036486506462097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.37702086567878723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.3355439007282257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.2784692645072937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2739492654800415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/direct-current","display_name":"Direct current","score":0.2536885142326355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.15374374389648438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.15120837092399597}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778422915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10302051","display_name":"Converters","level":3,"score":0.7065069079399109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.5871152281761169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5830401182174683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40760162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10920295","display_name":"Voltage droop","level":4,"score":0.5206990838050842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204495892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1798304","display_name":"Linear-quadratic-Gaussian control","level":3,"score":0.47553062438964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149810388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5374873","display_name":"Emulation","level":2,"score":0.46516183018684387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781163877","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370607","display_name":"High-voltage direct current","level":4,"score":0.4645274579524994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.46406492590904236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50100734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7303176","display_name":"Rectifier (neural networks)","level":5,"score":0.452591210603714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776303644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1020499","display_name":"Interfacing","level":2,"score":0.44456925988197327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21905445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5502873","display_name":"Frequency grid","level":3,"score":0.436952143907547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98779006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2520550","display_name":"Linear-quadratic regulator","level":3,"score":0.43618834018707275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.43032923340797424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.4122401475906372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.39796173572540283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110706871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q851210","display_name":"Voltage regulator","level":3,"score":0.38036486506462097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.37702086567878723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.3355439007282257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2784692645072937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2739492654800415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776620479","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159241","display_name":"Direct current","level":3,"score":0.2536885142326355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.15374374389648438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.15120837092399597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86582703","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7617824","display_name":"Stochastic neural network","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147168706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1457734","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2981598","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2981598","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09040588.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:14ecd60e58eb45828a122aec79acf42a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/14ecd60e58eb45828a122aec79acf42a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 58470-58482 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:oasis.postech.ac.kr:2014.oak/107233","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://oasis.postech.ac.kr/handle/2014.oak/107233","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401965","display_name":"Open Access System for Information Sharing (Pohang University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","host_organization_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2981598","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2981598","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09040588.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5899999737739563,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2284286636","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2019M3F2A1073402","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7413347930","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R19XO01-46","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326258","funder_display_name":"Korea Electric Power Corporation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8570897051","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2019M3F2A1073402","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326258","display_name":"Korea Electric Power Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/04fperw70"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3011322652.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3011322652.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W132183686","https://openalex.org/W1572720133","https://openalex.org/W1977622616","https://openalex.org/W2008797379","https://openalex.org/W2028227024","https://openalex.org/W2074673724","https://openalex.org/W2105934661","https://openalex.org/W2116544795","https://openalex.org/W2128655289","https://openalex.org/W2130468284","https://openalex.org/W2135466564","https://openalex.org/W2140302519","https://openalex.org/W2156289234","https://openalex.org/W2168090960","https://openalex.org/W2318760536","https://openalex.org/W2346146157","https://openalex.org/W2515363549","https://openalex.org/W2607847905","https://openalex.org/W2759465294","https://openalex.org/W2791167058","https://openalex.org/W2793551652","https://openalex.org/W2807568909","https://openalex.org/W2901621510","https://openalex.org/W2902016391","https://openalex.org/W3151453321","https://openalex.org/W3167551172","https://openalex.org/W4210968171","https://openalex.org/W4231356691","https://openalex.org/W6794031107"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3777868","https://openalex.org/W2007152535","https://openalex.org/W2051766198","https://openalex.org/W1990910969","https://openalex.org/W2915806395","https://openalex.org/W234468389","https://openalex.org/W3041379944","https://openalex.org/W2067197839","https://openalex.org/W1982825464","https://openalex.org/W2364244763"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"advances":[1],"in":[2,59,81,88,174],"data":[3],"sensing":[4],"and":[5,45,62,78,140,171,189,192],"processing":[6],"technologies":[7],"enable":[8],"data-driven":[9,30,92,104,130,154],"control":[10,31,155,194],"of":[11,21,75,94,146,162,167],"high-voltage":[12],"direct-current":[13],"(HVDC)":[14],"systems":[15,125],"for":[16,33,73],"improving":[17,179],"the":[18,42,95,114,129,147,152,159,168],"operational":[19],"stability":[20],"interfacing":[22],"power":[23],"grids.":[24,64],"This":[25],"paper":[26],"proposes":[27],"an":[28,34],"optimal":[29,86,153],"strategy":[32,156],"HVDC":[35,52,66,124,163,169,184],"system":[36,170,185],"with":[37,70,113,137],"line-commutated":[38],"converters":[39],"(LCCs),":[40],"wherein":[41],"dc-link":[43,79],"voltage":[44,80],"current":[46],"are":[47,126,133],"optimally":[48],"regulated":[49],"at":[50],"distinct":[51],"terminals":[53],"to":[54,101],"improve":[55],"frequency":[56,77],"regulation":[57,74],"(FR)":[58],"both":[60],"rectifier-":[61],"inverter-side":[63],"Each":[65],"converter":[67,115],"is":[68,98,111,177],"integrated":[69],"feedback":[71,116],"loops":[72],"grid":[76],"a":[82,91,103],"localized":[83],"manner.":[84],"For":[85],"FR":[87,181],"both-side":[89,175],"grids,":[90],"model":[93],"HVDC-linked":[96],"grids":[97,176],"then":[99],"developed":[100],"design":[102],"linear":[105],"quadratic":[106],"Gaussian":[107],"(LQG)":[108],"regulator,":[109],"which":[110,132],"incorporated":[112],"loops.":[117],"Case":[118],"studies":[119,149],"on":[120],"two":[121],"different":[122],"LCC":[123],"performed":[127],"using":[128],"models,":[131],"validated":[134],"via":[135],"comparisons":[136],"physics-based":[138],"models":[139],"comprehensive":[141],"Matlab/Simulink":[142],"models.":[143],"The":[144],"results":[145],"case":[148],"confirm":[150],"that":[151],"successfully":[157],"exploits":[158],"fast":[160],"dynamics":[161],"converters;":[164],"moreover,":[165],"cooperation":[166],"synchronous":[172],"generators":[173],"achieved,":[178],"real-time":[180],"under":[182],"various":[183],"specifications,":[186],"LQG":[187],"parameters,":[188],"inertia":[190],"emulation":[191],"droop":[193],"conditions.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}