{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3011261011","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2981408","title":"A Survey on Multi-Robot Coordination in Electromagnetic Adversarial Environment: Challenges and Techniques","display_name":"A Survey on Multi-Robot Coordination in Electromagnetic Adversarial Environment: Challenges and Techniques","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3011261011","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2981408","mag":"3011261011"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2981408","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2981408","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09039556.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09039556.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101706134","display_name":"Yunlong Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6911-954X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunlong Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence Research Center (AIRC), National Innovation Institute of Defense Technology (NIIDT), Beijing, China","Tianjin Artificial Intelligence Innovation Center (TAIIC), Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6911-954X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence Research Center (AIRC), National Innovation Institute of Defense Technology (NIIDT), Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin Artificial Intelligence Innovation Center (TAIIC), Tianjin, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100633468","display_name":"Xiaoguang Ren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8048-6762"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoguang Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence Research Center (AIRC), National Innovation Institute of Defense Technology (NIIDT), Beijing, China","Tianjin Artificial Intelligence Innovation Center (TAIIC), Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence Research Center (AIRC), National Innovation Institute of Defense Technology (NIIDT), Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin Artificial Intelligence Innovation Center (TAIIC), Tianjin, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100397092","display_name":"Hao Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3536-7623"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence Research Center (AIRC), National Innovation Institute of Defense Technology (NIIDT), Beijing, China","Tianjin Artificial Intelligence Innovation Center (TAIIC), Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence Research Center (AIRC), National Innovation Institute of Defense Technology (NIIDT), Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin Artificial Intelligence Innovation Center (TAIIC), Tianjin, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022531311","display_name":"Yanzhen Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8309-4828"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanzhen Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence Research Center (AIRC), National Innovation Institute of Defense Technology (NIIDT), Beijing, China","Tianjin Artificial Intelligence Innovation Center (TAIIC), Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence Research Center (AIRC), National Innovation Institute of Defense Technology (NIIDT), Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin Artificial Intelligence Innovation Center (TAIIC), Tianjin, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102835517","display_name":"Xiaodong Yi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2279-5417"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaodong Yi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence Research Center (AIRC), National Innovation Institute of Defense Technology (NIIDT), Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2279-5417","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence Research Center (AIRC), National Innovation Institute of Defense Technology (NIIDT), Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.0092,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87142593,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"53484","last_page":"53497"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10249","display_name":"Distributed Control Multi-Agent Systems","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10249","display_name":"Distributed Control Multi-Agent Systems","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11498","display_name":"Security in Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.7330000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7165561318397522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.7105963230133057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.6050280928611755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robotics","display_name":"Robotics","score":0.5206050872802734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.49448466300964355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4630681574344635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/categorization","display_name":"Categorization","score":0.45963627099990845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.45821210741996765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.45203036069869995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3721606433391571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.2249360978603363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.22279638051986694}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.7330000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7165561318397522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.7105963230133057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.6050280928611755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34413123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170978","display_name":"Robotics","level":3,"score":0.5206050872802734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.49448466300964355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4630681574344635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94124525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550","display_name":"Categorization","level":2,"score":0.45963627099990845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.45821210741996765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.45203036069869995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3721606433391571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.2249360978603363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.22279638051986694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2981408","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2981408","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09039556.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e531dd10aef44ce1935d734bfd499dee","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e531dd10aef44ce1935d734bfd499dee","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 53484-53497 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2981408","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2981408","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09039556.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","score":0.5199999809265137}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2476223356","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61601486","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G355886244","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61802426","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G523332084","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61906212","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7852348095","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YFB1001900","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7928189182","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"91648204","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8970147621","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YFB1001900","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3011261011.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3011261011.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":141,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1490921409","https://openalex.org/W1531166221","https://openalex.org/W1541256735","https://openalex.org/W1545221733","https://openalex.org/W1560270123","https://openalex.org/W1574773379","https://openalex.org/W1601776805","https://openalex.org/W1800052238","https://openalex.org/W1965115711","https://openalex.org/W2003170991","https://openalex.org/W2003808711","https://openalex.org/W2009292627","https://openalex.org/W2037642060","https://openalex.org/W2038610677","https://openalex.org/W2039216363","https://openalex.org/W2044437309","https://openalex.org/W2048088804","https://openalex.org/W2048093873","https://openalex.org/W2050513283","https://openalex.org/W2053186076","https://openalex.org/W2056498260","https://openalex.org/W2058036068","https://openalex.org/W2063801303","https://openalex.org/W2066005785","https://openalex.org/W2066074119","https://openalex.org/W2070842753","https://openalex.org/W2072165004","https://openalex.org/W2075110355","https://openalex.org/W2086791202","https://openalex.org/W2087421501","https://openalex.org/W2097856935","https://openalex.org/W2100119371","https://openalex.org/W2100430744","https://openalex.org/W2106200370","https://openalex.org/W2106422035","https://openalex.org/W2107561590","https://openalex.org/W2108958762","https://openalex.org/W2109429694","https://openalex.org/W2110156285","https://openalex.org/W2110762409","https://openalex.org/W2112519112","https://openalex.org/W2113985218","https://openalex.org/W2117156760","https://openalex.org/W2121863487","https://openalex.org/W2128376458","https://openalex.org/W2129766733","https://openalex.org/W2133099834","https://openalex.org/W2136478830","https://openalex.org/W2143003220","https://openalex.org/W2148033465","https://openalex.org/W2150176775","https://openalex.org/W2152521250","https://openalex.org/W2157439141","https://openalex.org/W2157464905","https://openalex.org/W2160643434","https://openalex.org/W2161069643","https://openalex.org/W2165723471","https://openalex.org/W2167230435","https://openalex.org/W2168435844","https://openalex.org/W2218120867","https://openalex.org/W2230854881","https://openalex.org/W2268751503","https://openalex.org/W2292196090","https://openalex.org/W2327622231","https://openalex.org/W2337977475","https://openalex.org/W2395575420","https://openalex.org/W2479500547","https://openalex.org/W2514253066","https://openalex.org/W2547529817","https://openalex.org/W2552281866","https://openalex.org/W2565610523","https://openalex.org/W2565961597","https://openalex.org/W2567075875","https://openalex.org/W2580440899","https://openalex.org/W2581115882","https://openalex.org/W2593136555","https://openalex.org/W2621460277","https://openalex.org/W2725083103","https://openalex.org/W2731057901","https://openalex.org/W2738953397","https://openalex.org/W2749807327","https://openalex.org/W2751463909","https://openalex.org/W2761407022","https://openalex.org/W2763826015","https://openalex.org/W2765492968","https://openalex.org/W2768629321","https://openalex.org/W2769069872","https://openalex.org/W2771991838","https://openalex.org/W2772554925","https://openalex.org/W2773601879","https://openalex.org/W2785315072","https://openalex.org/W2787690100","https://openalex.org/W2789470429","https://openalex.org/W2795804124","https://openalex.org/W2797234205","https://openalex.org/W2810181048","https://openalex.org/W2831657852","https://openalex.org/W2890322322","https://openalex.org/W2891073457","https://openalex.org/W2892105102","https://openalex.org/W2901136733","https://openalex.org/W2901865486","https://openalex.org/W2910586845","https://openalex.org/W2910825450","https://openalex.org/W2911643182","https://openalex.org/W2913190903","https://openalex.org/W2913374074","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2921046922","https://openalex.org/W2946892555","https://openalex.org/W2951896791","https://openalex.org/W2952823387","https://openalex.org/W2963000099","https://openalex.org/W2963149945","https://openalex.org/W2963172490","https://openalex.org/W2963194800","https://openalex.org/W2963299073","https://openalex.org/W2963407617","https://openalex.org/W2963489869","https://openalex.org/W2964160397","https://openalex.org/W2967479691","https://openalex.org/W2968612034","https://openalex.org/W2968935611","https://openalex.org/W3100789280","https://openalex.org/W3105287169","https://openalex.org/W4214717370","https://openalex.org/W4229972161","https://openalex.org/W4243385754","https://openalex.org/W4299802797","https://openalex.org/W6683073854","https://openalex.org/W6689535628","https://openalex.org/W6712181171","https://openalex.org/W6736572398","https://openalex.org/W6738796088","https://openalex.org/W6740019060","https://openalex.org/W6743756900","https://openalex.org/W6745105346","https://openalex.org/W6746941363","https://openalex.org/W6747941106","https://openalex.org/W6750253780","https://openalex.org/W6756486208"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2502115930","https://openalex.org/W2165912799","https://openalex.org/W2482350142","https://openalex.org/W4246396837","https://openalex.org/W3126451824","https://openalex.org/W2735662278","https://openalex.org/W1561927205","https://openalex.org/W3191453585","https://openalex.org/W4297672492","https://openalex.org/W2382615723"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Wireless":[0],"communications":[1],"and":[2,11,25,67],"networking":[3],"are":[4,84,91],"playing":[5],"an":[6],"important":[7],"role":[8],"in":[9,29,35,64],"coordination":[10],"cooperation":[12],"of":[13,98],"multi-robot":[14],"systems":[15],"(MRS).":[16],"However,":[17],"it":[18],"is":[19],"challenging":[20],"to":[21,72],"keep":[22],"a":[23,69],"reliable":[24],"stable":[26],"wireless":[27],"connection":[28],"practical":[30],"applications.":[31],"Especially,":[32],"robots":[33],"acting":[34],"electromagnetic":[36],"adversarial":[37,50],"(EA)":[38],"environments":[39],"may":[40],"encounter":[41],"more":[42],"serious":[43],"situations":[44],"including":[45],"scarce":[46],"spectrum,":[47],"active":[48],"interference,":[49],"competition,":[51],"etc.":[52],"In":[53],"this":[54],"survey,":[55],"we":[56],"firstly":[57],"analyze":[58],"the":[59,73,99],"challenges":[60],"faced":[61],"by":[62],"MRS":[63],"EA":[65],"environments,":[66],"provide":[68],"categorization":[70],"according":[71],"\u201csense-decide-act\u201d":[74],"robot":[75],"control":[76],"procedure.":[77],"Secondly,":[78],"enabling":[79,102],"techniques":[80],"for":[81,95],"each":[82],"challenge":[83],"introduced.":[85],"Finally,":[86],"typical":[87],"robotics":[88],"software":[89],"architectures":[90],"introduced,":[92],"as":[93],"frameworks":[94],"efficient":[96],"arrangement":[97],"above":[100],"mentioned":[101],"techniques.":[103]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}