{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3010384767","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2978631","title":"CardiWall: A Trusted Firewall for the Detection of Malicious Clinical Programming of Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices","display_name":"CardiWall: A Trusted Firewall for the Detection of Malicious Clinical Programming of Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3010384767","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2978631","mag":"3010384767"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2978631","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2978631","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09025056.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09025056.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002864420","display_name":"Matan Kintzlinger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2771-8157"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124227911","display_name":"Ben-Gurion University of the Negev","ror":"https://ror.org/05tkyf982","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124227911"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matan Kintzlinger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software and Information Systems Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel","Malware Lab, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (BGU), Beer-Sheva, Israel"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2771-8157","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software and Information Systems Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124227911"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Malware Lab, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (BGU), Beer-Sheva, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124227911"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035352952","display_name":"Aviad Cohen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9976-0525"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124227911","display_name":"Ben-Gurion University of the Negev","ror":"https://ror.org/05tkyf982","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124227911"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aviad Cohen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Malware Lab, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (BGU), Beer-Sheva, Israel"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9976-0525","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Malware Lab, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (BGU), Beer-Sheva, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124227911"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006355294","display_name":"Nir Nissim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0652-8861"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124227911","display_name":"Ben-Gurion University of the Negev","ror":"https://ror.org/05tkyf982","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124227911"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nir Nissim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel","Malware Lab, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (BGU), Beer-Sheva, Israel"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0652-8861","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124227911"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Malware Lab, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (BGU), Beer-Sheva, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124227911"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073599236","display_name":"Moshe Rav","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5365-9947"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801962034","display_name":"Shaare Zedek Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04d0szq68","country_code":"IL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801962034"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Moshe Rav-Acha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cardiology Department, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5365-9947","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cardiology Department, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801962034"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110684200","display_name":"Vladimir Khalameizer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124227911","display_name":"Ben-Gurion University of the Negev","ror":"https://ror.org/05tkyf982","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124227911"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802646120","display_name":"Barzilai Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/00hmeez77","country_code":"IL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802646120"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vladimir Khalameizer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cardiology Department, Electrophysiology Unit, Barzilai University Medical Center, Ashkelon, Israel","Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3102-2726","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cardiology Department, Electrophysiology Unit, Barzilai University Medical Center, Ashkelon, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802646120"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124227911"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072913672","display_name":"Yuval Elovici","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9641-128X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124227911","display_name":"Ben-Gurion University of the Negev","ror":"https://ror.org/05tkyf982","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124227911"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuval Elovici","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software and Information Systems Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9641-128X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software and Information Systems Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124227911"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073893701","display_name":"Yuval Sha\u1e25ar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0328-2333"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124227911","display_name":"Ben-Gurion University of the Negev","ror":"https://ror.org/05tkyf982","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124227911"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuval Shahar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software and Information Systems Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0328-2333","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software and Information Systems Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124227911"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037714249","display_name":"Amos Katz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0422-934X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124227911","display_name":"Ben-Gurion University of the Negev","ror":"https://ror.org/05tkyf982","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124227911"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802646120","display_name":"Barzilai Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/00hmeez77","country_code":"IL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802646120"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amos Katz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cardiology Department, Electrophysiology Unit, Barzilai University Medical Center, Ashkelon, Israel","Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0422-934X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cardiology Department, Electrophysiology Unit, Barzilai University Medical Center, Ashkelon, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802646120"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124227911"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.0484,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86009078,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"48123","last_page":"48140"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11932","display_name":"Wireless Body Area Networks","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11932","display_name":"Wireless Body Area Networks","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9810000061988831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13248","display_name":"Healthcare Technology and Patient Monitoring","score":0.9803000092506409,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/firewall","display_name":"Firewall (physics)","score":0.748261570930481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6704787015914917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.520927369594574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77714075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5452017","display_name":"Firewall (physics)","level":5,"score":0.748261570930481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6704787015914917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.520927369594574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115304011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72755","display_name":"Schwarzschild radius","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124017977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11412","display_name":"Gravitation","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183915046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1316152","display_name":"Charged black hole","level":4,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2978631","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2978631","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09025056.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:79852d96a2d74f18a6cc5032e4cec764","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/79852d96a2d74f18a6cc5032e4cec764","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 48123-48140 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2978631","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2978631","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09025056.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","score":0.4699999988079071}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3010384767.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3010384767.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W130848762","https://openalex.org/W168352792","https://openalex.org/W311095550","https://openalex.org/W1923747344","https://openalex.org/W1976121528","https://openalex.org/W1982170863","https://openalex.org/W1982949165","https://openalex.org/W1992029238","https://openalex.org/W1992699253","https://openalex.org/W2007953826","https://openalex.org/W2008056655","https://openalex.org/W2023458910","https://openalex.org/W2024296478","https://openalex.org/W2032719203","https://openalex.org/W2086687976","https://openalex.org/W2097689067","https://openalex.org/W2115835211","https://openalex.org/W2122235704","https://openalex.org/W2133502275","https://openalex.org/W2138951514","https://openalex.org/W2139758155","https://openalex.org/W2140184559","https://openalex.org/W2143472559","https://openalex.org/W2146208975","https://openalex.org/W2150365753","https://openalex.org/W2156808151","https://openalex.org/W2471456063","https://openalex.org/W2557716486","https://openalex.org/W2614647440","https://openalex.org/W2742682864","https://openalex.org/W2792599578","https://openalex.org/W2793899426","https://openalex.org/W2805346584","https://openalex.org/W2805760905","https://openalex.org/W2901064210","https://openalex.org/W2944449851","https://openalex.org/W2951627605","https://openalex.org/W3163671086","https://openalex.org/W6605345177","https://openalex.org/W6646215617","https://openalex.org/W6675051224"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2515419187","https://openalex.org/W2077352188","https://openalex.org/W2507130582","https://openalex.org/W4399793156","https://openalex.org/W2009238965","https://openalex.org/W4220912467","https://openalex.org/W2363554702"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Today,":[0],"cardiac":[1],"implantable":[2,10],"electronic":[3],"devices":[4,160],"(CIEDs),":[5],"such":[6],"as":[7,22],"pacemakers":[8],"and":[9,30,54,74,88,116,142,167,208,225,238],"cardioverter":[11],"defibrillators":[12],"(ICDs),":[13],"play":[14],"an":[15,66,249],"increasingly":[16],"important":[17],"role":[18],"in":[19,126,193],"healthcare":[20],"ecosystems":[21],"patient":[23],"life":[24],"support":[25],"devices.":[26],"Physicians":[27],"control,":[28],"program":[29],"configure":[31],"CIEDs":[32],"on":[33],"a":[34,38,60,85,137,197,230,239],"regular":[35],"basis":[36],"using":[37],"dedicated":[39],"programmer":[40,43,71,100,159],"device.":[41,101],"The":[42,180],"device":[44],"is":[45,57],"open":[46],"to":[47,59,92,151],"external":[48],"connections":[49],"(e.g.,":[50],"USB,":[51],"Bluetooth,":[52],"etc.),":[53],"thus":[55],"it":[56],"exposed":[58],"variety":[61],"of":[62,108,139,153,188,205,211,223,236,246,251],"cyber-attacks":[63,96],"by":[64,173],"which":[65],"attacker":[67],"can":[68],"manipulate":[69],"the":[70,77,99,122,131,189,215,219],"device's":[72],"operations":[73],"consequently":[75],"harm":[76],"patient.":[78],"In":[79],"this":[80],"paper,":[81],"we":[82,133],"present":[83],"CardiWall,":[84],"novel":[86],"detection":[87,199],"prevention":[89],"system":[90,103,124,195],"designed":[91],"protect":[93],"ICDs":[94],"from":[95,157,177],"aimed":[97],"at":[98,162],"Our":[102],"has":[104],"six":[105,190],"different":[106,154,158,178],"layers":[107,191],"protection,":[109],"leveraging":[110],"medical":[111],"experts'":[112],"knowledge,":[113],"statistical":[114],"methods,":[115],"machine":[117],"learning":[118],"algorithms.":[119],"We":[120],"evaluated":[121],"CardiWall":[123,194,228],"extensively":[125],"two":[127,174,186],"comprehensive":[128],"experiments.":[129],"For":[130],"evaluation,":[132],"gathered":[134],"data":[135],"for":[136],"period":[138],"four":[140],"years":[141],"used":[143],"775":[144],"benign":[145],"clinical":[146,170],"commands":[147,171],"that":[148,184,217],"are":[149],"related":[150],"hundreds":[152],"patients":[155],"(obtained":[156],"located":[161],"Barzilai":[163],"University":[164],"Medical":[165],"center)":[166],"28":[168],"malicious":[169],"(created":[172],"cardiology":[175],"experts":[176],"hospitals).":[179],"evaluation":[181],"results":[182],"show":[183],"only":[185],"out":[187],"proposed":[192],"provided":[196,218],"high":[198,203,231],"capability":[200],"associated":[201],"with":[202,248],"rates":[204,210],"true":[206,232],"positive,":[207],"low":[209,241],"false":[212,242],"positive.":[213],"With":[214],"configuration":[216],"best":[220],"harmonic":[221],"mean":[222],"sensitivity":[224],"specificity":[226],"(HMSS),":[227],"achieved":[229],"positive":[233,243],"rate":[234,244],"(TPR)":[235],"91.4%":[237],"very":[240],"(FPR)":[245],"1%,":[247],"AUC":[250],"94.7%.":[252]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}