{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3009558984","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2978586","title":"S <sup>3</sup> CRF: Sparse Spatial-Spectral Conditional Random Field Target Detection Framework for Airborne Hyperspectral Data","display_name":"S <sup>3</sup> CRF: Sparse Spatial-Spectral Conditional Random Field Target Detection Framework for Airborne Hyperspectral Data","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3009558984","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2978586","mag":"3009558984"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2978586","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2978586","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09025183.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09025183.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100770380","display_name":"Shaoyu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0376-9531"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaoyu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping, and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0376-9531","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping, and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747","https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100754351","display_name":"Yanfei Zhong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9446-5850"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanfei Zhong","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping, and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Natural Resources Remote Sensing Monitoring, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9446-5850","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping, and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747","https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Natural Resources Remote Sensing Monitoring, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747","https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041081010","display_name":"Ji Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9039-2789"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3124059619","display_name":"China University of Geosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04gcegc37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ji Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9039-2789","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100352781","display_name":"Xinyu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0493-3954"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinyu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0493-3954","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101916473","display_name":"Xin Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0114-1716"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping, and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0114-1716","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping, and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747","https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.02418253,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"46917","last_page":"46930"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11659","display_name":"Advanced Image Fusion Techniques","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.9914000034332275,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperspectral-imaging","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","score":0.8344542980194092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pairwise-comparison","display_name":"Pairwise comparison","score":0.6306748986244202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conditional-random-field","display_name":"Conditional random field","score":0.5984451174736023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-analysis","display_name":"Spatial analysis","score":0.5859028697013855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5560683608055115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.49306508898735046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4703792631626129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4656423330307007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/a-priori-and-a-posteriori","display_name":"A priori and a posteriori","score":0.46348220109939575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-resolution","display_name":"Image resolution","score":0.43853768706321716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.42699486017227173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3289073705673218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.15856149792671204}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159078339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959005","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","level":2,"score":0.8344542980194092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184898388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1435712","display_name":"Pairwise comparison","level":2,"score":0.6306748986244202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152565575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1124538","display_name":"Conditional random field","level":2,"score":0.5984451174736023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159620131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Spatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.5859028697013855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5560683608055115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.49306508898735046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4703792631626129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4656423330307007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75553542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178161","display_name":"A priori and a posteriori","level":2,"score":0.46348220109939575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205372480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"Image resolution","level":2,"score":0.43853768706321716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.42699486017227173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3289073705673218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.15856149792671204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2978586","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2978586","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09025183.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d75615dfbd3d417dae82988fc186d15b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d75615dfbd3d417dae82988fc186d15b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 46917-46930 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2978586","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2978586","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09025183.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4629252920","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u7a00\u758f\u6982\u7387\u56fe\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u9ad8\u5206\u8fa8\u7387\u9065\u611f\u5f71\u50cf\u573a\u666f\u8bed\u4e49\u7406\u89e3\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"41771385","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3009558984.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3009558984.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W285039866","https://openalex.org/W625476304","https://openalex.org/W1442930683","https://openalex.org/W1532610010","https://openalex.org/W1972814520","https://openalex.org/W1995653526","https://openalex.org/W2008871137","https://openalex.org/W2010797000","https://openalex.org/W2017014096","https://openalex.org/W2033667660","https://openalex.org/W2034644270","https://openalex.org/W2037143195","https://openalex.org/W2037328426","https://openalex.org/W2040582952","https://openalex.org/W2046049381","https://openalex.org/W2051968191","https://openalex.org/W2067782748","https://openalex.org/W2069231830","https://openalex.org/W2096150670","https://openalex.org/W2096214786","https://openalex.org/W2096972831","https://openalex.org/W2101051003","https://openalex.org/W2102367014","https://openalex.org/W2107820823","https://openalex.org/W2118996198","https://openalex.org/W2119879130","https://openalex.org/W2120832559","https://openalex.org/W2121101670","https://openalex.org/W2127495569","https://openalex.org/W2141014056","https://openalex.org/W2147880316","https://openalex.org/W2149936180","https://openalex.org/W2152440692","https://openalex.org/W2153958436","https://openalex.org/W2163957348","https://openalex.org/W2166229804","https://openalex.org/W2172063876","https://openalex.org/W2312906878","https://openalex.org/W2335197470","https://openalex.org/W2506684654","https://openalex.org/W2760789773","https://openalex.org/W2771635595","https://openalex.org/W2792684107","https://openalex.org/W2904698365","https://openalex.org/W2910980348","https://openalex.org/W2945493762","https://openalex.org/W2951039757","https://openalex.org/W2996620758","https://openalex.org/W6675426281","https://openalex.org/W6677508755","https://openalex.org/W6682082992"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2072166414","https://openalex.org/W3209970181","https://openalex.org/W2060875994","https://openalex.org/W3034375524","https://openalex.org/W4230131218","https://openalex.org/W2404757046","https://openalex.org/W2070598848","https://openalex.org/W2019190440","https://openalex.org/W2963336968","https://openalex.org/W2805329439"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Airborne":[0],"hyperspectral":[1,64],"data":[2],"have":[3],"both":[4],"high":[5],"spectral":[6,24,46,97],"and":[7,78,179],"spatial":[8,13,18,41,88,129],"resolutions.":[9],"Although":[10],"the":[11,23,31,40,45,76,87,96,107,115,119,127,138,150,155,166,172],"finer":[12],"resolution":[14],"allows":[15],"more":[16],"abundant":[17],"characteristics":[19],"to":[20,70,105,149],"be":[21],"exhibited,":[22],"variability":[25,47,98],"problem":[26],"remains.":[27],"However,":[28],"few":[29],"of":[30,140,145],"current":[32],"spatial-spectral":[33,54],"target":[34,59,151,156,181],"detection":[35,60,182],"methods":[36],"can":[37,169],"fully":[38],"exploit":[39],"information":[42,89,134],"while":[43,94,174],"solving":[44,95],"problem.":[48],"In":[49],"this":[50,162],"paper,":[51],"a":[52,91,176],"sparse":[53,112],"conditional":[55],"random":[56],"field":[57],"(CRF)":[58],"framework":[61],"for":[62,154],"airborne":[63],"data,":[65],"namely":[66],"S3CRF,":[67],"is":[68,103,124,135,152],"proposed":[69,167],"address":[71],"these":[72],"problems,":[73],"in":[74,90,161],"which":[75],"unary":[77],"pairwise":[79,116],"potential":[80,117],"functions":[81],"are":[82],"designed":[83],"accordingly.":[84],"To":[85],"model":[86],"larger":[92],"neighborhood":[93],"problem,":[99],"an":[100],"object-oriented":[101],"strategy":[102],"introduced":[104],"modify":[106],"residual":[108],"map":[109],"obtained":[110],"by":[111],"representation.":[113],"For":[114],"function,":[118],"adaptive":[120],"local":[121],"eight-neighborhood":[122],"structure":[123],"constructed":[125],"considering":[126],"neighboring":[128],"correlations.":[130],"Furthermore,":[131],"global":[132],"spatial-contextual":[133],"captured":[136],"through":[137],"inference":[139],"S3CRF.":[141],"Finally,":[142],"thea":[143],"posterioriprobability":[144],"each":[146],"pixel":[147],"belonging":[148],"utilized":[153],"detection.":[157],"The":[158],"experiments":[159],"undertaken":[160],"study":[163],"confirmed":[164],"that":[165],"method":[168],"effectively":[170],"suppress":[171],"background":[173],"achieving":[175],"competitive":[177],"quantitative":[178],"qualitative":[180],"performance.":[183]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}