{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3008220642","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2976848","title":"Multi-Level Interpolation-Based Filter for Airborne LiDAR Point Clouds in Forested Areas","display_name":"Multi-Level Interpolation-Based Filter for Airborne LiDAR Point Clouds in Forested Areas","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3008220642","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2976848","mag":"3008220642"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2976848","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2976848","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09016058.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09016058.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048107114","display_name":"Chuanfa Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chuanfa Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China","Key Laboratory of Geomatics and Digital Technology of Shandong Province, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0995-5308","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Geomatics and Digital Technology of Shandong Province, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100775507","display_name":"Mengying Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0162-5355"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mengying Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China","Key Laboratory of Geomatics and Digital Technology of Shandong Province, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Geomatics and Digital Technology of Shandong Province, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049912021","display_name":"Bingtao Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4791-7647"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bingtao Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China","Key Laboratory of Geomatics and Digital Technology of Shandong Province, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4791-7647","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Geomatics and Digital Technology of Shandong Province, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100324125","display_name":"Yanyan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2258-8621"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanyan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China","Key Laboratory of Geomatics and Digital Technology of Shandong Province, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2258-8621","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Geomatics and Digital Technology of Shandong Province, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.2359,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75851102,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"41000","last_page":"41012"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terrain","display_name":"Terrain","score":0.7618486881256104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.7185208797454834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.7184334993362427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.6707203388214111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5567154288291931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/filter","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","score":0.5067573189735413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpolation","display_name":"Interpolation (computer graphics)","score":0.4756336212158203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photogrammetry","display_name":"Photogrammetry","score":0.45407143235206604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residual","display_name":"Residual","score":0.4302988350391388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.4107179641723633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3207992911338806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.31821155548095703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.23928302526474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.20406699180603027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.16263273358345032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.11705484986305237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.0955144464969635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.07172763347625732}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161840515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186131","display_name":"Terrain","level":2,"score":0.7618486881256104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.7185208797454834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.7184334993362427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.6707203388214111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5567154288291931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.5067573189735413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137800194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11713455","display_name":"Interpolation (computer graphics)","level":3,"score":0.4756336212158203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117455697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190149","display_name":"Photogrammetry","level":2,"score":0.45407143235206604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.4302988350391388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.4107179641723633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3207992911338806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.31821155548095703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.23928302526474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.20406699180603027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.16263273358345032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.11705484986305237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0955144464969635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.07172763347625732}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2976848","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2976848","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09016058.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7a385aba92bf4b0f910e2504e23af8e1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7a385aba92bf4b0f910e2504e23af8e1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 41000-41012 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2976848","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2976848","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09016058.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.7300000190734863}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2579346310","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZR2019BD006","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2795487668","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZR2019MD007","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3763356504","display_name":"DEM\u6784\u5efa\u7684\u591a\u9762\u51fd\u6570\u6297\u5dee\u63d2\u503c\u7b97\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"41371367","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6486509372","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41804001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8662427825","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019RCJJ003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322522","funder_display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311026","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322522","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3008220642.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3008220642.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W48960425","https://openalex.org/W84227776","https://openalex.org/W359740556","https://openalex.org/W1604274158","https://openalex.org/W1892952337","https://openalex.org/W1953583989","https://openalex.org/W1968019867","https://openalex.org/W1974696470","https://openalex.org/W1984464677","https://openalex.org/W1993963541","https://openalex.org/W1998702308","https://openalex.org/W2008070546","https://openalex.org/W2009214675","https://openalex.org/W2010660720","https://openalex.org/W2013206258","https://openalex.org/W2014091167","https://openalex.org/W2016102955","https://openalex.org/W2027781877","https://openalex.org/W2034546021","https://openalex.org/W2035553864","https://openalex.org/W2048430744","https://openalex.org/W2056769281","https://openalex.org/W2064577520","https://openalex.org/W2104998606","https://openalex.org/W2133160971","https://openalex.org/W2135873867","https://openalex.org/W2144078724","https://openalex.org/W2146037420","https://openalex.org/W2146257505","https://openalex.org/W2229319020","https://openalex.org/W2322716129","https://openalex.org/W2336012816","https://openalex.org/W2353999256","https://openalex.org/W2435138640","https://openalex.org/W2436494909","https://openalex.org/W2495599185","https://openalex.org/W2515344238","https://openalex.org/W2588436301","https://openalex.org/W2593120185","https://openalex.org/W2593673335","https://openalex.org/W2765587322","https://openalex.org/W2770086525","https://openalex.org/W2790493735","https://openalex.org/W2790840427","https://openalex.org/W2793792141","https://openalex.org/W2801735874","https://openalex.org/W2802817913","https://openalex.org/W2880642496","https://openalex.org/W2899099629","https://openalex.org/W2899827402","https://openalex.org/W2900119277","https://openalex.org/W2942706487","https://openalex.org/W2945062605","https://openalex.org/W2948404297","https://openalex.org/W2953484502","https://openalex.org/W2973135792","https://openalex.org/W6601946194","https://openalex.org/W6603383834","https://openalex.org/W6612180805"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2771153279","https://openalex.org/W2394196665","https://openalex.org/W4281960486","https://openalex.org/W2599951341","https://openalex.org/W4213110649","https://openalex.org/W2064376096","https://openalex.org/W1991691127","https://openalex.org/W2543661874","https://openalex.org/W3165704192","https://openalex.org/W2335177719"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Over":[0],"the":[1,24,43,63,112,115,136,140,144,148,180,187,206,219,222,233,238],"past":[2],"decades,":[3],"plenty":[4],"of":[5,47,62,69,114,155,221],"filtering":[6,33,125,189,248],"algorithms":[7,126],"have":[8,225],"been":[9],"presented":[10],"to":[11,30,42,76,90,92,110],"distinguish":[12],"ground":[13,79,247],"and":[14,73,85,104,118,152,157,174,201,215],"non-ground":[15],"points":[16],"from":[17],"airborne":[18,251],"LiDAR":[19,252],"point":[20,164,253],"clouds.":[21],"However,":[22],"with":[23,38,123,139,147,170,205],"existing":[25],"methods,":[26],"it":[27],"is":[28,55,183],"difficult":[29],"derive":[31],"satisfactory":[32],"results":[34,120],"on":[35],"rugged":[36],"terrains":[37],"dense":[39],"vegetation":[40,172],"due":[41],"low-level":[44],"penetration":[45],"ability":[46],"laser":[48],"pulses.":[49],"Therefore,":[50,237],"a":[51,86],"multi-level":[52],"interpolation-based":[53],"filter":[54,197],"developed":[56,127],"in":[57,128,166,255],"this":[58],"paper.":[59],"The":[60],"novelty":[61],"algorithm":[64,182,249],"lies":[65],"within":[66],"its":[67,119],"usage":[68],"multi-scale":[70],"morphological":[71],"operations":[72],"robust":[74],"z-score":[75],"correctly":[77],"select":[78],"seeds":[80],"as":[81,83,244],"more":[82,184],"possible,":[84],"terrain-adaptive":[87],"residual":[88],"threshold":[89],"adapt":[91],"various":[93],"terrain":[94,175],"characteristics.":[95],"Rural":[96],"samples":[97],"provided":[98],"by":[99,211],"International":[100],"Society":[101],"for":[102,250],"Photogrammetry":[103],"Remote":[105],"Sensing":[106],"(ISPRS)":[107],"were":[108,121],"employed":[109],"assess":[111],"performance":[113],"proposed":[116,137,181,223,239],"method":[117,138,224,240],"compared":[122],"15":[124],"recent":[129],"5":[130],"years":[131],"(2015-2019).":[132],"Results":[133,177],"show":[134],"that":[135,179],"optimized":[141],"parameters":[142],"produces":[143],"best":[145],"accuracy":[146],"average":[149,207,227],"total":[150,208],"error":[151,209],"kappa":[153],"coefficient":[154],"1.89%":[156],"87.88%,":[158],"respectively.":[159,217],"We":[160],"further":[161],"filtered":[162],"high-density":[163],"clouds":[165,254],"six":[167],"forested":[168,256],"areas":[169],"different":[171],"covers":[173],"slopes.":[176],"demonstrate":[178],"accurate":[185],"than":[186,232],"well-known":[188],"methods":[190],"including":[191],"morphological-based":[192],"filter,":[193,204],"progressive":[194],"TIN":[195],"densification":[196],"(PTD),":[198],"improved":[199],"PTD":[200],"cloth":[202],"simulation":[203],"decreased":[210],"26.2%,":[212],"19.9%,":[213],"3.8%":[214],"40.4%,":[216],"Moreover,":[218],"DEMs":[220],"lower":[226],"root":[228],"mean":[229],"square":[230],"errors":[231],"four":[234],"classical":[235],"filters.":[236],"can":[241],"be":[242],"considered":[243],"an":[245],"effective":[246],"areas.":[257]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}