{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3007567776","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2974158","title":"Accurate Detection of Non-Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy in Optical Coherence Tomography Images Using Convolutional Neural Networks","display_name":"Accurate Detection of Non-Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy in Optical Coherence Tomography Images Using Convolutional Neural Networks","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3007567776","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2974158","mag":"3007567776"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2974158","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2974158","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09011786.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09011786.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020634024","display_name":"Mohammed Ghazal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9045-6698"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I117222138","display_name":"Abu Dhabi University","ror":"https://ror.org/01r3kjq03","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I117222138"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed Ghazal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9045-6698","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I117222138"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087528123","display_name":"Samr Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4068-709X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I117222138","display_name":"Abu Dhabi University","ror":"https://ror.org/01r3kjq03","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I117222138"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samr Samir Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4068-709X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I117222138"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014797846","display_name":"Ali Mahmoud","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2557-9699"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142740786","display_name":"University of Louisville","ror":"https://ror.org/01ckdn478","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali H. Mahmoud","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bioengineering Department, University of Louisville, Louisville, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2557-9699","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bioengineering Department, University of Louisville, Louisville, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006744007","display_name":"Ahmed Shalaby","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6291-7998"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142740786","display_name":"University of Louisville","ror":"https://ror.org/01ckdn478","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed M. Shalaby","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bioengineering Department, University of Louisville, Louisville, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6291-7998","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bioengineering Department, University of Louisville, Louisville, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075057705","display_name":"Ayman El\u2010Baz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7264-1323"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142740786","display_name":"University of Louisville","ror":"https://ror.org/01ckdn478","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ayman El-Baz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bioengineering Department, University of Louisville, Louisville, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7264-1323","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bioengineering Department, University of Louisville, Louisville, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":5.5148,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":84,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9696026,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"34387","last_page":"34397"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10170","display_name":"Retinal Diseases and Treatments","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10250","display_name":"Glaucoma and retinal disorders","score":0.988099992275238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7831042408943176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.779247522354126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-coherence-tomography","display_name":"Optical coherence tomography","score":0.7326278686523438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6729215383529663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preprocessor","display_name":"Preprocessor","score":0.6329439878463745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetic-retinopathy","display_name":"Diabetic retinopathy","score":0.5430637001991272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5376667976379395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4750925302505493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.456759512424469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-of-learning","display_name":"Transfer of learning","score":0.4438056945800781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-aided-diagnosis","display_name":"Computer-aided diagnosis","score":0.42745086550712585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-imaging","display_name":"Medical imaging","score":0.4102829694747925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.1410926878452301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiology","display_name":"Radiology","score":0.12338098883628845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetes-mellitus","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","score":0.1179375946521759}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7831042408943176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.779247522354126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778818243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899552","display_name":"Optical coherence tomography","level":2,"score":0.7326278686523438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6729215383529663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.6329439878463745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779829184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631361","display_name":"Diabetic retinopathy","level":3,"score":0.5430637001991272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5376667976379395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4750925302505493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.456759512424469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.4438056945800781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779549770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1122413","display_name":"Computer-aided diagnosis","level":2,"score":0.42745086550712585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31601959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931309","display_name":"Medical imaging","level":2,"score":0.4102829694747925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.1410926878452301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.12338098883628845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.1179375946521759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2974158","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2974158","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09011786.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:483db32dd6ba47f4bde12e057bbc826e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/483db32dd6ba47f4bde12e057bbc826e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 34387-34397 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2974158","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2974158","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09011786.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.5799999833106995,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3007567776.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3007567776.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1506913049","https://openalex.org/W1520436974","https://openalex.org/W1667785778","https://openalex.org/W1935058948","https://openalex.org/W1972752601","https://openalex.org/W1976647582","https://openalex.org/W1987763256","https://openalex.org/W2037832150","https://openalex.org/W2051578148","https://openalex.org/W2066789906","https://openalex.org/W2067843516","https://openalex.org/W2072128103","https://openalex.org/W2074723491","https://openalex.org/W2082578461","https://openalex.org/W2097954762","https://openalex.org/W2103063185","https://openalex.org/W2115384210","https://openalex.org/W2125805162","https://openalex.org/W2138480916","https://openalex.org/W2157890044","https://openalex.org/W2157984366","https://openalex.org/W2167869308","https://openalex.org/W2320230300","https://openalex.org/W2332757643","https://openalex.org/W2337843397","https://openalex.org/W2342491128","https://openalex.org/W2345010043","https://openalex.org/W2358876993","https://openalex.org/W2504671670","https://openalex.org/W2512351403","https://openalex.org/W2532928309","https://openalex.org/W2545404630","https://openalex.org/W2558340819","https://openalex.org/W2564861555","https://openalex.org/W2581333618","https://openalex.org/W2588978745","https://openalex.org/W2597576211","https://openalex.org/W2792349270","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W4231109964","https://openalex.org/W4231275049","https://openalex.org/W6684747455","https://openalex.org/W6728255620","https://openalex.org/W6732591482"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2397288865","https://openalex.org/W3201126466","https://openalex.org/W2368524271","https://openalex.org/W4247116873","https://openalex.org/W2576709312","https://openalex.org/W3203337527","https://openalex.org/W2392797073","https://openalex.org/W2044207570","https://openalex.org/W2989490741","https://openalex.org/W2090899875"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Diabetic":[0],"retinopathy":[1],"(DR)":[2],"is":[3,14,42,118,179,214],"a":[4,9,89,99,202,237],"disease":[5],"that":[6,91],"forms":[7],"as":[8],"complication":[10],"of":[11,37,50,74,81,109,133,135,163,211,240],"diabetes.":[12],"It":[13],"particularly":[15],"dangerous":[16],"since":[17],"it":[18],"often":[19],"goes":[20],"unnoticed":[21],"and":[22,35,167,189,221],"can":[23],"lead":[24],"to":[25,78,147,152,160,169,175,200],"blindness":[26],"if":[27],"not":[28],"detected":[29],"early.":[30],"Despite":[31],"the":[32,47,72,94,106,121,136,143,154,158,161,186,192,197,222],"clear":[33],"importance":[34],"urgency":[36],"such":[38,55],"an":[39],"illness,":[40],"there":[41],"no":[43],"precise":[44],"system":[45,56,104,117,138,187,235],"for":[46,105,120,185],"early":[48,107],"detection":[49,108],"DR":[51,111],"so":[52],"far.":[53],"Fortunately,":[54],"could":[57],"be":[58,201],"achieved":[59],"using":[60,113],"deep":[61],"learning":[62,165,232],"including":[63],"convolutional":[64],"neural":[65],"networks":[66],"(CNNs),":[67],"which":[68,195,209],"gained":[69],"momentum":[70],"in":[71,88,173,208],"field":[73],"medical":[75],"imaging":[76,126],"due":[77],"its":[79],"capability":[80],"being":[82],"effectively":[83,170],"integrated":[84],"into":[85],"various":[86],"systems":[87],"manner":[90],"significantly":[92],"improves":[93],"performance.":[95,177],"This":[96,178],"paper":[97],"proposes":[98],"computer":[100],"aided":[101],"diagnostic":[102],"(CAD)":[103],"non-proliferative":[110],"(NPDR)":[112],"CNNs.":[114],"The":[115,229],"proposed":[116,137,230],"developed":[119],"optical":[122],"coherence":[123],"tomography":[124],"(OCT)":[125],"modality.":[127],"Throughout":[128],"this":[129],"paper,":[130],"all":[131],"aspects":[132],"deployment":[134],"are":[139],"studied":[140],"starting":[141],"from":[142,196],"preprocessing":[144],"stage":[145],"required":[146],"extract":[148],"input":[149],"retina":[150,219,227],"patches":[151,220],"train":[153],"CNN":[155],"without":[156],"resizing":[157],"image,":[159],"use":[162],"transfer":[164,231],"principals":[166],"how":[168],"combine":[171],"features":[172],"order":[174],"optimize":[176],"done":[180],"through":[181],"investigating":[182],"several":[183],"scenarios":[184],"setup":[188],"then":[190],"selecting":[191],"best":[193],"one,":[194],"results":[198],"revealed":[199],"two":[203],"pre-trained":[204],"CNNs":[205,213],"based":[206,233],"system,":[207],"one":[210,224],"these":[212],"independently":[215],"fed":[216],"by":[217,225],"nasal":[218],"other":[223],"temporal":[226],"patches.":[228],"CAD":[234],"achieves":[236],"promising":[238],"accuracy":[239],"94%.":[241]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}