{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3006491121","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2972943","title":"A 448-Gb/s PAM4 FSO Communication With Polarization-Multiplexing Injection-Locked VCSELs Through 600 M Free-Space Link","display_name":"A 448-Gb/s PAM4 FSO Communication With Polarization-Multiplexing Injection-Locked VCSELs Through 600 M Free-Space Link","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3006491121","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2972943","mag":"3006491121"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2972943","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2972943","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/08990147.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/08990147.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042984842","display_name":"Hsiao-Wen Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I69729016","display_name":"Tungnan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05b7g7730","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I69729016"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hsiao-Wen Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Tungnan University, New Taipei City, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tungnan University, New Taipei City, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69729016"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026506349","display_name":"Hai\u2010Han Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0217-4704"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118292597","display_name":"National Taipei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00cn92c09","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118292597"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hai-Han Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118292597"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022481606","display_name":"Wen-Shing Tsai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3244-7248"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12213908","display_name":"Ming Chi University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xgh4d03","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12213908"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wen-Shing Tsai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12213908"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033891231","display_name":"Yong-Cheng Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1461-2836"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118292597","display_name":"National Taipei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00cn92c09","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118292597"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yong-Cheng Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118292597"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009748404","display_name":"Jing-Yan Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0101-0748"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118292597","display_name":"National Taipei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00cn92c09","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118292597"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing-Yan Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118292597"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018041353","display_name":"Qi-Ping Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118292597","display_name":"National Taipei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00cn92c09","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118292597"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qi-Ping Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118292597"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049642826","display_name":"Shi-Cheng Tu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9772-7307"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118292597","display_name":"National Taipei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00cn92c09","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118292597"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shi-Cheng Tu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118292597"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5042984842"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69729016"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.9522,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86173457,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"28859","last_page":"28866"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11429","display_name":"Semiconductor Lasers and Optical Devices","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplexing","display_name":"Multiplexing","score":0.5938098430633545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/free-space-optical-communication","display_name":"Free-space optical communication","score":0.5565671324729919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polarization","display_name":"Polarization (electrochemistry)","score":0.5090024471282959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/free-space","display_name":"Free space","score":0.493056982755661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.48579859733581543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.37657636404037476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.341434121131897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-communication","display_name":"Optical communication","score":0.3361567556858063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.27832096815109253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2602860927581787}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19275194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q222903","display_name":"Multiplexing","level":2,"score":0.5938098430633545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197000039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2027432","display_name":"Free-space optical communication","level":3,"score":0.5565671324729919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205049153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2698605","display_name":"Polarization (electrochemistry)","level":2,"score":0.5090024471282959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988672794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11475","display_name":"Free space","level":2,"score":0.493056982755661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.48579859733581543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.37657636404037476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.341434121131897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129404179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1469765","display_name":"Optical communication","level":2,"score":0.3361567556858063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.27832096815109253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2602860927581787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147789679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11372","display_name":"Physical chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2972943","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2972943","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/08990147.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4bee001519484661aa287dcc80380485","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4bee001519484661aa287dcc80380485","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 28859-28866 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2972943","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2972943","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/08990147.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.6700000166893005,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3363875352","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"107-2221-E-027-078-MY3","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3646595653","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"107-2221-E-027-077-MY3","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","ror":"https://ror.org/02kv4zf79"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3006491121.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3006491121.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W598596420","https://openalex.org/W1983330672","https://openalex.org/W1993248551","https://openalex.org/W2032201378","https://openalex.org/W2074941244","https://openalex.org/W2118544741","https://openalex.org/W2340019754","https://openalex.org/W2437596243","https://openalex.org/W2511038469","https://openalex.org/W2543712463","https://openalex.org/W2558071020","https://openalex.org/W2621053887","https://openalex.org/W2621118867","https://openalex.org/W2759487596","https://openalex.org/W2884770044","https://openalex.org/W2889404675","https://openalex.org/W2891752382","https://openalex.org/W2900783437","https://openalex.org/W2915038231","https://openalex.org/W2915995186","https://openalex.org/W2923529270","https://openalex.org/W2936747487","https://openalex.org/W2944029238","https://openalex.org/W2948067798","https://openalex.org/W2956057451","https://openalex.org/W2969792451","https://openalex.org/W2972625300","https://openalex.org/W2980462921"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4323644463","https://openalex.org/W2019126040","https://openalex.org/W2038016357","https://openalex.org/W1487975641","https://openalex.org/W4394822445","https://openalex.org/W2090950564","https://openalex.org/W3118892941","https://openalex.org/W4386214712","https://openalex.org/W2389557767","https://openalex.org/W3191689016"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"448-Gb/s":[1],"four-level":[2],"pulse":[3],"amplitude":[4],"modulation":[5,33],"(PAM4)":[6],"free-space":[7,14,127,156,177],"optical":[8,88],"(FSO)":[9],"communication":[10,163],"through":[11,153],"600":[12,125,154],"m":[13,126,155],"link":[15],"was":[16],"constructed,":[17],"utilizing":[18],"polarization-multiplexing":[19,30,160],"injection-locked":[20],"vertical-cavity":[21],"surface-emitting":[22],"lasers":[23],"(VCSELs)":[24],"for":[25,79,96],"presentation.":[26],"When":[27],"uniting":[28],"four-wavelength":[29,159],"and":[31,91,99,108,146,175],"PAM4":[32,82,148,161],"schemes,":[34],"the":[35,102,115,122,167],"transmission":[36,47,173],"capacity":[37,174],"of":[38,49,170],"FSO":[39,139,162],"communications":[40],"is":[41,118,133],"substantially":[42],"multiplied,":[43],"with":[44,72],"an":[45],"aggregate":[46,172],"rate":[48,144],"448":[50,80],"Gb/s":[51,53,81],"[56":[52],"PAM4/wavelength":[54],"\u00d7":[55,58],"4":[56],"wavelengths":[57,104],"2":[59],"polarizations":[60],"(xand":[61],"y-polarizations)].":[62],"The":[63,158],"results":[64],"show":[65],"that":[66],"four":[67],"1.55":[68],"\u03bcm":[69],"VCSEL":[70],"transmitters":[71],"injection":[73],"locking":[74],"technique":[75],"are":[76,105,151],"sufficiently":[77],"powerful":[78],"signal":[83],"transmission.":[84,157],"Adopting":[85],"a":[86,92,129],"tunable":[87],"band-pass":[89],"filter":[90],"polarization":[93,100,116,131],"beam":[94],"splitter":[95],"wavelength":[97],"filtering":[98],"de-multiplexing,":[101],"polarized":[103,112],"effectually":[106],"filtered":[107],"de-multiplexed":[109],"in":[110,121,136],"each":[111],"state.":[113],"As":[114],"state":[117],"well":[119],"preserved":[120],"scenario":[123],"over":[124],"transmission,":[128],"sophisticated":[130],"tracker":[132],"not":[134],"required":[135],"this":[137],"proposed":[138],"communication.":[140],"High":[141],"bit":[142],"error":[143],"performance":[145],"accepted":[147],"eye":[149],"diagrams":[150],"attained":[152],"established":[164],"here":[165],"reveals":[166],"prominent":[168],"benefits":[169],"high":[171],"long-distance":[176],"link.":[178]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}