{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3004861979","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2972365","title":"A Novel PE/FDTD Hybrid Model for Predicting Echo Signals of Radar Targets in Large-Scale Complex Environments","display_name":"A Novel PE/FDTD Hybrid Model for Predicting Echo Signals of Radar Targets in Large-Scale Complex Environments","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3004861979","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2972365","mag":"3004861979"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2972365","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2972365","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/08986557.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/08986557.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037726171","display_name":"Xiaochuan Deng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5134-0142"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4800084","display_name":"Southwest Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hn7w693","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaochuan Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Electromagnetic, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5134-0142","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Electromagnetic, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023311311","display_name":"Cheng Liao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1756-4182"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4800084","display_name":"Southwest Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hn7w693","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng Liao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Electromagnetic, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1756-4182","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Electromagnetic, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090821284","display_name":"Dongmin Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1489-7045"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4800084","display_name":"Southwest Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hn7w693","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongmin Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Electromagnetic, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1489-7045","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Electromagnetic, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019479272","display_name":"Ju Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9756-5953"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4800084","display_name":"Southwest Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hn7w693","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ju Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Electromagnetic, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Electromagnetic, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076080794","display_name":"Yuping Shang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3027-8746"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4800084","display_name":"Southwest Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hn7w693","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuping Shang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Electromagnetic, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3027-8746","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Electromagnetic, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047589584","display_name":"Haijing Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145278","display_name":"Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics","ror":"https://ror.org/03sxpbt26","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145278"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haijing Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145278"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5037726171"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":16.2898,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9832403,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"28450","last_page":"28461"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13121","display_name":"Radio Wave Propagation Studies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13121","display_name":"Radio Wave Propagation Studies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.9595999717712402,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finite-difference-time-domain-method","display_name":"Finite-difference time-domain method","score":0.8885878324508667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.6291866898536682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/echo","display_name":"Echo (communications protocol)","score":0.6045028567314148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5845901370048523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.4937187135219574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.47019514441490173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electromagnetic-environment","display_name":"Electromagnetic environment","score":0.4595123827457428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-domain","display_name":"Time domain","score":0.445922315120697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.3068961203098297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.28706133365631104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.13260042667388916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.09759780764579773}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184880428","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1417308","display_name":"Finite-difference time-domain method","level":2,"score":0.8885878324508667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.6291866898536682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779426996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18389128","display_name":"Echo (communications protocol)","level":2,"score":0.6045028567314148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5845901370048523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.4937187135219574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.47019514441490173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64183698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4530886","display_name":"Electromagnetic environment","level":2,"score":0.4595123827457428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103824480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185889","display_name":"Time domain","level":2,"score":0.445922315120697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3068961203098297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.28706133365631104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.13260042667388916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.09759780764579773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2972365","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2972365","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/08986557.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:476e19bffb45489bad3159b2cb764fbd","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/476e19bffb45489bad3159b2cb764fbd","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 28450-28461 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2972365","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2972365","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/08986557.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life below water","score":0.8700000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1607491171","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61601379","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2755606950","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61771407","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8268412069","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61801405","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3004861979.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3004861979.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W174665412","https://openalex.org/W1489633869","https://openalex.org/W1554661791","https://openalex.org/W1615030238","https://openalex.org/W1972084875","https://openalex.org/W1980143181","https://openalex.org/W1986321018","https://openalex.org/W1992004245","https://openalex.org/W2040360884","https://openalex.org/W2093124745","https://openalex.org/W2115857307","https://openalex.org/W2121668020","https://openalex.org/W2127623318","https://openalex.org/W2247902801","https://openalex.org/W2307375521","https://openalex.org/W2466658855","https://openalex.org/W2593714396","https://openalex.org/W2783779039","https://openalex.org/W2789725333","https://openalex.org/W2888979287","https://openalex.org/W2891603372","https://openalex.org/W2898060943","https://openalex.org/W2922072997","https://openalex.org/W2960313582","https://openalex.org/W2962797568","https://openalex.org/W2972364615","https://openalex.org/W4242264246","https://openalex.org/W6607051068"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2044904198","https://openalex.org/W2119478278","https://openalex.org/W1994847014","https://openalex.org/W2241689872","https://openalex.org/W3150364945","https://openalex.org/W2982611369","https://openalex.org/W2960950421","https://openalex.org/W2364970515","https://openalex.org/W2386264342","https://openalex.org/W2376089212"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,45,74,105,183,235],"prediction":[1,125],"of":[2,13,56,69,77,93,107,126,137,172,190,219,250],"radar":[3,19,37,267],"target":[4,17,38,46,95,128,157,268],"echo":[5,39,47,129,222,248],"signal":[6,48,59,130,223,249],"in":[7,16,41,175,224,253],"a":[8,27,63,254,260],"large-scale":[9,42,255,270],"complex":[10,43,70,79,256],"environment":[11,71,80,228],"is":[12,32,81,111,131,142,151,159,213,232,259],"great":[14],"significance":[15],"detection,":[18],"design":[20],"and":[21,72,89,109,144,179,195,204,208,269],"other":[22],"applications.":[23],"In":[24,118,133],"this":[25,240],"paper,":[26],"novel":[28],"PE/FDTD":[29],"hybrid":[30],"model":[31,241],"proposed":[33],"to":[34,168,245],"predict":[35,246],"monostatic":[36],"signals":[40],"environments.":[44,182],"can":[49,242],"be":[50,243],"regarded":[51],"as":[52],"the":[53,57,78,84,90,94,114,121,124,135,145,149,156,170,173,216,220,225,247],"output":[54],"response":[55,116],"transmitted":[58],"which":[60],"passes":[61],"through":[62,113],"linear":[64],"time":[65,101],"invariant":[66],"system":[67,115],"composed":[68],"target.":[73],"transport":[75],"function":[76],"computed":[82],"by":[83,98],"parabolic":[85],"equation":[86],"(PE)":[87],"method":[88,103,174,202],"scattering":[91],"characteristics":[92],"are":[96,166,186],"calculated":[97,184],"finite":[99],"difference":[100],"domain":[102],"(FDTD).":[104],"combination":[106,119],"PE":[108,139],"FDTD":[110,141],"realized":[112],"function.":[117],"with":[120,140,188,229],"\u201cstop-go\u201d":[122],"method,":[123,192],"moving":[127],"realized.":[132],"addition,":[134],"error":[136,150],"combining":[138],"analyzed,":[143],"result":[146],"shows":[147],"that":[148,239],"less":[152],"than":[153,161],"0.1%":[154],"when":[155],"distance":[158],"more":[160],"10km.":[162],"Additional":[163],"numerical":[164],"examples":[165],"given":[167],"demonstrate":[169],"correctness":[171],"semi-space,":[176],"rain,":[177],"fog":[178],"atmospheric":[180],"duct":[181,231],"results":[185,237],"compared":[187],"those":[189],"theoretical":[191],"time-domain":[193],"shooting":[194],"bouncing":[196],"ray":[197],"(TDSBR),":[198],"multi-level":[199],"fast":[200],"multi-pole":[201],"(MLFMM)":[203],"waveguide":[205],"mode":[206],"theory,":[207],"good":[209],"agreement":[210],"among":[211],"them":[212],"observed.":[214],"Finally,":[215],"simulation":[217,236],"analysis":[218],"missile":[221],"mixed":[226],"sea-land":[227],"surface":[230],"carried":[233],"out.":[234],"show":[238],"used":[244],"airborne":[251],"targets":[252],"environment.":[257,271],"It":[258],"promising":[261],"option":[262],"for":[263],"multi-scale":[264],"computing":[265],"involving":[266]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}