{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3005246254","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2972346","title":"Fuel-Optimal Energy Management Strategy for a Power-Split Powertrain via Convex Optimization","display_name":"Fuel-Optimal Energy Management Strategy for a Power-Split Powertrain via Convex Optimization","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3005246254","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2972346","mag":"3005246254"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2972346","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2972346","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/08986608.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/08986608.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054196415","display_name":"Saeed Amirfarhangi Bonab","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0818-5153"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98251732","display_name":"McMaster University","ror":"https://ror.org/02fa3aq29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98251732"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saeed Amirfarhangi Bonab","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0818-5153","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98251732"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079326512","display_name":"Ali Emadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0676-1455"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98251732","display_name":"McMaster University","ror":"https://ror.org/02fa3aq29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98251732"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Emadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98251732"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.1207,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77829063,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"30854","last_page":"30862"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10808","display_name":"Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10808","display_name":"Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/powertrain","display_name":"Powertrain","score":0.866377055644989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-management","display_name":"Energy management","score":0.6886107921600342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.6819994449615479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solver","display_name":"Solver","score":0.6794439554214478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6417059302330017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convex-optimization","display_name":"Convex optimization","score":0.5845521092414856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimal-control","display_name":"Optimal control","score":0.5478073358535767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimization-problem","display_name":"Optimization problem","score":0.464947372674942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.4168175160884857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.3621143102645874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.34796151518821716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.3303283751010895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regular-polygon","display_name":"Regular polygon","score":0.2757142186164856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.19655916094779968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.15585002303123474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/torque","display_name":"Torque","score":0.1326206922531128}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76047896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1786258","display_name":"Powertrain","level":3,"score":0.866377055644989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7817414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779504","display_name":"Energy management","level":3,"score":0.6886107921600342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.6819994449615479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778770139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1966904","display_name":"Solver","level":2,"score":0.6794439554214478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6417059302330017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157972887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q463359","display_name":"Convex optimization","level":3,"score":0.5845521092414856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91575142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1971426","display_name":"Optimal control","level":2,"score":0.5478073358535767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.464947372674942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4168175160884857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.3621143102645874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.34796151518821716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.3303283751010895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112680207","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q714886","display_name":"Regular polygon","level":2,"score":0.2757142186164856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.19655916094779968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.15585002303123474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144171764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48103","display_name":"Torque","level":2,"score":0.1326206922531128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2972346","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2972346","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/08986608.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c9b14a6564ee4608b3c1f40a7e93b4eb","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c9b14a6564ee4608b3c1f40a7e93b4eb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 30854-30862 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2972346","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2972346","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/08986608.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8999999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321481","display_name":"Canada Excellence Research Chairs, Government of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/02tvrwm90"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3005246254.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3005246254.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1528195027","https://openalex.org/W1552505253","https://openalex.org/W1972606159","https://openalex.org/W1999913571","https://openalex.org/W2017749620","https://openalex.org/W2029515813","https://openalex.org/W2068400211","https://openalex.org/W2075868882","https://openalex.org/W2099454002","https://openalex.org/W2115583576","https://openalex.org/W2136209220","https://openalex.org/W2141046883","https://openalex.org/W2149751000","https://openalex.org/W2152938561","https://openalex.org/W2160306599","https://openalex.org/W2161747488","https://openalex.org/W2165579389","https://openalex.org/W2342537113","https://openalex.org/W2399393671","https://openalex.org/W2593097710","https://openalex.org/W2606482332","https://openalex.org/W2899748232","https://openalex.org/W2982657150","https://openalex.org/W3102922146","https://openalex.org/W4250589301","https://openalex.org/W4296154082","https://openalex.org/W6683644224"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4388980375","https://openalex.org/W2142639873","https://openalex.org/W2360794504","https://openalex.org/W2356035581","https://openalex.org/W3097253201","https://openalex.org/W2069654098","https://openalex.org/W2042058853","https://openalex.org/W2481191189","https://openalex.org/W2772971464","https://openalex.org/W2110050003"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Hybrid":[0],"power-split":[1,55],"powertrains":[2,15,56],"are":[3],"getting":[4],"more":[5],"attention":[6],"as":[7],"they":[8],"present":[9,64],"great":[10],"efficiency":[11],"and":[12,72,78],"performance.":[13],"These":[14],"connect":[16],"components":[17,74],"by":[18],"planetary":[19],"gear":[20],"sets.":[21],"Energy":[22],"management":[23,52],"strategy":[24,48,53],"of":[25,44,54,105,153],"the":[26,29,42,45,69,86,92,108,114,129,137,144,150,154,157],"powertrain":[27,155],"determines":[28],"power":[30,70],"flow":[31],"through":[32],"each":[33],"component.":[34],"This":[35,117],"paper":[36],"presents":[37],"a":[38,65],"framework":[39],"to":[40,89,113,126,148],"address":[41],"problem":[43,132],"fuel-optimal":[46],"control":[47,94,131,151],"for":[49,68,85,107,121,133],"an":[50],"energy":[51],"using":[57,75,143],"convex":[58,76,87],"optimization.":[59],"To":[60],"do":[61],"this,":[62],"we":[63],"novel":[66],"model":[67],"unit":[71],"other":[73],"equations":[77],"constraints.":[79],"We":[80],"then":[81],"use":[82],"numerical":[83],"solvers":[84],"problems":[88],"efficiently":[90],"solve":[91,128],"optimal":[93,130],"problem.":[95],"Convex":[96],"solver":[97],"shows":[98],"better":[99],"performance":[100],"in":[101,136,156],"considerably":[102],"less":[103],"amount":[104],"time":[106],"tested":[109],"driving":[110],"cycles,":[111],"compared":[112],"dynamic":[115],"programming.":[116],"makes":[118],"it":[119],"suitable":[120],"design":[122,138],"cases":[123],"which":[124],"need":[125],"iteratively":[127],"different":[134],"initiations":[135],"space.":[139],"Another":[140],"application":[141],"is":[142],"presented":[145],"optimization-based":[146],"approach":[147],"obtain":[149],"input":[152],"real-time":[158],"applications.":[159]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}