{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3002581186","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2969230","title":"Scalability Challenges in Healthcare Blockchain System\u2014A Systematic Review","display_name":"Scalability Challenges in Healthcare Blockchain System\u2014A Systematic Review","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3002581186","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2969230","mag":"3002581186"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2969230","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2969230","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/08968381.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/08968381.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016661542","display_name":"Ahmad Akmaluddin Mazlan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1625-4841"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4576418","display_name":"University of Technology Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/026w31v75","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmad Akmaluddin Mazlan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics (RFTI), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1625-4841","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics (RFTI), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070559869","display_name":"Salwani Mohd Daud","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4329-1202"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4576418","display_name":"University of Technology Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/026w31v75","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Salwani Mohd Daud","raw_affiliation_strings":["Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics (RFTI), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4329-1202","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics (RFTI), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066689558","display_name":"Suriani Mohd Sam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2965-2075"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4576418","display_name":"University of Technology Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/026w31v75","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suriani Mohd Sam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics (RFTI), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2965-2075","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics (RFTI), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013555515","display_name":"Hafiza Abas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0137-3127"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4576418","display_name":"University of Technology Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/026w31v75","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hafiza Abas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics (RFTI), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0137-3127","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics (RFTI), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012932181","display_name":"Siti Zaleha Abdul Rasid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7200-6899"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4576418","display_name":"University of Technology Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/026w31v75","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siti Zaleha Abdul Rasid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Azman Hashim International Business School (AHIBS), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7200-6899","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Azman Hashim International Business School (AHIBS), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065995652","display_name":"Muhammad Fathi Yusof","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0859-7820"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4576418","display_name":"University of Technology Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/026w31v75","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Fathi Yusof","raw_affiliation_strings":["Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics (RFTI), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0859-7820","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics (RFTI), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":26.4615,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":174,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99563231,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"23663","last_page":"23673"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9660999774932861,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.9120335578918457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.7272632122039795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7055169939994812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/healthcare-system","display_name":"Healthcare system","score":0.5167273879051208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care","display_name":"Health care","score":0.47370120882987976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.32906466722488403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.11414650082588196}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.9120335578918457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.7272632122039795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7055169939994812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988170871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11000047","display_name":"Healthcare system","level":3,"score":0.5167273879051208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.47370120882987976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.32906466722488403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.11414650082588196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2969230","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2969230","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/08968381.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:generic.eprints.org:86820","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922759","display_name":"UTM Institutional Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c6c5583c0c194fa895dbe9f4592796d9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c6c5583c0c194fa895dbe9f4592796d9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 23663-23673 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2969230","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2969230","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/08968381.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","score":0.4699999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3225331875","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Q.K130000.3556.05G71","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323300","funder_display_name":"Universiti Teknologi Malaysia"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321709","display_name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/05mcs2t73"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323300","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/026w31v75"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3002581186.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3002581186.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2100522554","https://openalex.org/W2189446046","https://openalex.org/W2290426788","https://openalex.org/W2616934625","https://openalex.org/W2626119796","https://openalex.org/W2742329683","https://openalex.org/W2751179194","https://openalex.org/W2752019525","https://openalex.org/W2754931682","https://openalex.org/W2756138490","https://openalex.org/W2757195693","https://openalex.org/W2786151040","https://openalex.org/W2786376170","https://openalex.org/W2793723077","https://openalex.org/W2799719933","https://openalex.org/W2800028583","https://openalex.org/W2807979099","https://openalex.org/W2884623132","https://openalex.org/W2884779908","https://openalex.org/W2888073962","https://openalex.org/W2888456644","https://openalex.org/W2891653386","https://openalex.org/W2894955077","https://openalex.org/W2907704653","https://openalex.org/W2908126445","https://openalex.org/W2910266386","https://openalex.org/W2911788238","https://openalex.org/W2912402111","https://openalex.org/W2918840969","https://openalex.org/W2920733725","https://openalex.org/W2921088707","https://openalex.org/W2929438235","https://openalex.org/W2931856624","https://openalex.org/W2942087467","https://openalex.org/W2963993810","https://openalex.org/W6739178521","https://openalex.org/W6744077507","https://openalex.org/W6744407476","https://openalex.org/W6748536023","https://openalex.org/W6753488797","https://openalex.org/W6758319551"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4388131927","https://openalex.org/W4220849471","https://openalex.org/W1159694101","https://openalex.org/W4312778074","https://openalex.org/W2797427871","https://openalex.org/W3024114128","https://openalex.org/W3214957520","https://openalex.org/W4322577590","https://openalex.org/W2932738180","https://openalex.org/W1965298590"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Blockchain":[0],"technology":[1],"is":[2,36],"a":[3,13,141,167],"private,":[4],"secure,":[5],"trustworthy,":[6],"and":[7,21,34,53,77,95,123,145,181,194,210],"transparent":[8],"information":[9],"exchange":[10],"performed":[11,153],"in":[12,39,56],"decentralised":[14],"manner.":[15],"In":[16],"this":[17],"case,":[18],"the":[19,27,40,48,57,61,119,129,137,156,164,198,201],"coordination":[20],"validation":[22],"efforts":[23],"are":[24,29,187],"simplified":[25],"as":[26,166],"records":[28],"designed":[30],"to":[31,134,154],"update":[32],"regularly":[33],"there":[35,186],"no":[37],"difference":[38],"two":[41,71,175],"databases.":[42],"This":[43,98],"review":[44,99],"focuses":[45],"on":[46,118],"how":[47],"blockchain":[49,64,204],"addresses":[50],"scalability":[51],"challenges":[52],"provides":[54],"solutions":[55,68,172,189,196],"healthcare":[58],"field":[59],"through":[60,136],"implementation":[62],"of":[63,79,89,93,101,106,110,113,183,200],"technology.":[65],"Accordingly,":[66],"16":[67,171],"fell":[69,173],"under":[70,174],"main":[72,176],"areas,":[73,177],"namely":[74,104,178,203],"storage":[75,179,192],"optimization":[76,180,193],"redesign":[78,182,199],"blockchain.":[80,184],"However,":[81],"limitations":[82],"persist,":[83],"including":[84],"block":[85],"size,":[86],"high":[87],"volume":[88],"data,":[90],"transactions,":[91],"number":[92],"nodes,":[94],"protocol":[96],"challenges.":[97],"consists":[100],"six":[102],"stages,":[103],"identification":[105],"research":[107],"question,":[108],"procedures":[109],"research,":[111],"screening":[112],"relevant":[114,138],"articles,":[115],"keywording":[116],"based":[117],"abstract,":[120],"data":[121],"extraction,":[122],"mapping":[124,168],"process.":[125,169],"Through":[126],"Atlas.ti":[127],"software,":[128],"selected":[130],"keywords":[131],"were":[132,148,160],"used":[133],"analyse":[135],"articles.":[139],"As":[140],"result,":[142],"48":[143],"codes":[144,159],"403":[146],"quotations":[147],"compiled.":[149],"Manual":[150],"coding":[151],"was":[152],"categorise":[155],"quotations.":[157],"The":[158],"then":[161],"mapped":[162],"onto":[163],"network":[165],"Notably,":[170],"Basically,":[185],"3":[188],"compiled":[190],"for":[191,197],"13":[195],"blockchain,":[202],"modelling,":[205],"read":[206],"mechanism,":[207,209],"write":[208],"bi-directional":[211],"network.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}