{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3001215021","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2968900","title":"Machine Learning and End-to-End Deep Learning for the Detection of Chronic Heart Failure From Heart Sounds","display_name":"Machine Learning and End-to-End Deep Learning for the Detection of Chronic Heart Failure From Heart Sounds","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3001215021","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2968900","mag":"3001215021"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2968900","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2968900","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/08967080.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/08967080.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037458079","display_name":"Martin Gjoreski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1220-7418"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3006985408","display_name":"Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05060sz93","country_code":"SI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3006985408"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113529","display_name":"Jo\u017eef Stefan International Postgraduate School","ror":"https://ror.org/01hdkb925","country_code":"SI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113529"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Martin Gjoreski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia","Jozef Stefan Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1220-7418","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3006985408"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jozef Stefan Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113529"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072982681","display_name":"Anton Gradi\u0161ek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6480-9587"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3006985408","display_name":"Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05060sz93","country_code":"SI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3006985408"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anton Gradisek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6480-9587","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3006985408"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054200657","display_name":"Borut Budna","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4846-2816"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3006985408","display_name":"Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05060sz93","country_code":"SI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3006985408"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Borut Budna","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4846-2816","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3006985408"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043419128","display_name":"Matja\u017e Gams","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5747-0711"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3006985408","display_name":"Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05060sz93","country_code":"SI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3006985408"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113529","display_name":"Jo\u017eef Stefan International Postgraduate School","ror":"https://ror.org/01hdkb925","country_code":"SI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113529"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matjaz Gams","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia","Jozef Stefan Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5747-0711","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3006985408"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jozef Stefan Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113529"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071926235","display_name":"Gregor Poglajen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1777-8807"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153976015","display_name":"University of Ljubljana","ror":"https://ror.org/05njb9z20","country_code":"SI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801323708","display_name":"Ljubljana University Medical Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/01nr6fy72","country_code":"SI","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801323708"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gregor Poglajen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cardiology, Advanced Heart Failure and Transplantation Program, UMC Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia","Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1777-8807","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cardiology, Advanced Heart Failure and Transplantation Program, UMC Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801323708"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5037458079"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3006985408","https://openalex.org/I4210113529"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":11.7318,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":146,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98906042,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"20313","last_page":"20324"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12419","display_name":"Phonocardiography and Auscultation Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12419","display_name":"Phonocardiography and Auscultation Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9853000044822693,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9485999941825867,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/end-to-end-principle","display_name":"End-to-end principle","score":0.756848931312561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5758281946182251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heart-failure","display_name":"Heart failure","score":0.45417284965515137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.45142027735710144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.40726158022880554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cardiology","display_name":"Cardiology","score":0.23757284879684448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.14976221323013306}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74296488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2527392","display_name":"End-to-end principle","level":2,"score":0.756848931312561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5758281946182251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778198053","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181754","display_name":"Heart failure","level":2,"score":0.45417284965515137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.45142027735710144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.40726158022880554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164705383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10379","display_name":"Cardiology","level":1,"score":0.23757284879684448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.14976221323013306}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2968900","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2968900","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/08967080.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b4aa6b8a2e664ff2bcb76c4421335d28","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b4aa6b8a2e664ff2bcb76c4421335d28","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 20313-20324 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2968900","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2968900","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/08967080.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5099999904632568,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3452084638","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U2-AG-16/0672 - 0287","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322554","funder_display_name":"Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3813964268","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U2-AG-16/0672","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322554","funder_display_name":"Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322554","display_name":"Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS","ror":"https://ror.org/059bp8k51"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3001215021.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3001215021.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":72,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1494163099","https://openalex.org/W1519992583","https://openalex.org/W1565746575","https://openalex.org/W1665214252","https://openalex.org/W1685464609","https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W1857789879","https://openalex.org/W1881549354","https://openalex.org/W1899504021","https://openalex.org/W1980287119","https://openalex.org/W2065246548","https://openalex.org/W2072128103","https://openalex.org/W2085662862","https://openalex.org/W2089468765","https://openalex.org/W2090777335","https://openalex.org/W2092939357","https://openalex.org/W2103184652","https://openalex.org/W2103456541","https://openalex.org/W2104076615","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2130162821","https://openalex.org/W2130325614","https://openalex.org/W2135992227","https://openalex.org/W2138514644","https://openalex.org/W2150341604","https://openalex.org/W2167277498","https://openalex.org/W2210976041","https://openalex.org/W2301158262","https://openalex.org/W2410079699","https://openalex.org/W2546302380","https://openalex.org/W2591914506","https://openalex.org/W2591957616","https://openalex.org/W2592046076","https://openalex.org/W2592295933","https://openalex.org/W2593628220","https://openalex.org/W2594557222","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2619236880","https://openalex.org/W2740616720","https://openalex.org/W2742947407","https://openalex.org/W2753088734","https://openalex.org/W2768861360","https://openalex.org/W2884001105","https://openalex.org/W2889035165","https://openalex.org/W2897297418","https://openalex.org/W2936007697","https://openalex.org/W2949117887","https://openalex.org/W2963951026","https://openalex.org/W2964350391","https://openalex.org/W2972055048","https://openalex.org/W2972942909","https://openalex.org/W2989579308","https://openalex.org/W2998704965","https://openalex.org/W3019253063","https://openalex.org/W4205947740","https://openalex.org/W4231109964","https://openalex.org/W4252684946","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6631636882","https://openalex.org/W6637242042","https://openalex.org/W6637461618","https://openalex.org/W6638667902","https://openalex.org/W6680532216","https://openalex.org/W6694260854","https://openalex.org/W6734059431","https://openalex.org/W6734076412","https://openalex.org/W6734269609","https://openalex.org/W6734306856","https://openalex.org/W6734430412","https://openalex.org/W6734761546","https://openalex.org/W6775920137","https://openalex.org/W7034548982"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2151749779","https://openalex.org/W3179968364","https://openalex.org/W588655279","https://openalex.org/W2383994333","https://openalex.org/W642714463","https://openalex.org/W2099628268","https://openalex.org/W4404782863"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Chronic":[0],"heart":[1,57],"failure":[2],"(CHF)":[3],"affects":[4],"over":[5],"26":[6],"million":[7],"of":[8,30,85,128,146,165,206,218,229,240,247],"people":[9],"worldwide,":[10],"and":[11,26,65,77,102,198,223,225,244],"its":[12],"incidence":[13],"is":[14,131,143,159],"increasing":[15],"by":[16,170],"2%":[17],"annually.":[18],"Despite":[19],"the":[20,28,45,78,86,113,122,135,149,163,193,200,216,227,237,245],"significant":[21],"burden":[22],"that":[23,106,179],"CHF":[24,39,53,104,189,231,242,249],"poses":[25],"despite":[27],"ubiquity":[29],"sensors":[31],"in":[32,44,192,199],"our":[33],"lives,":[34],"methods":[35],"for":[36,52,109,182,215,226,251],"automatically":[37],"detecting":[38],"are":[40,152,180],"surprisingly":[41],"scarce,":[42],"even":[43],"research":[46],"community.":[47],"We":[48],"present":[49],"a":[50,82,118,126],"method":[51,60,89,116,124,210],"detection":[54,228],"based":[55],"on":[56,92],"sounds.":[58],"The":[59,70,88,139,208],"combines":[61],"classic":[62,71],"Machine-Learning":[63],"(ML)":[64],"end-to-end":[66],"Deep":[67],"Learning":[68],"(DL).":[69],"ML":[72,184],"learns":[73,80],"from":[74,81,94,97],"expert":[75,177],"features,":[76],"DL":[79],"spectro-temporal":[83],"representation":[84],"signal.":[87],"was":[90,107],"evaluated":[91],"recordings":[93,166,219],"947":[95],"subjects":[96,222],"six":[98],"publicly":[99],"available":[100],"datasets":[101],"one":[103],"dataset":[105],"collected":[108],"this":[110,156],"study.":[111],"Using":[112],"same":[114],"evaluation":[115],"as":[117,168],"recent":[119],"PhysoNet":[120],"challenge,":[121],"proposed":[123,209],"achieved":[125],"score":[127],"89.3,":[129],"which":[130],"9.1":[132],"higher":[133],"than":[134],"challenge's":[136],"baseline":[137],"method.":[138],"method's":[140],"aggregated":[141],"accuracy":[142,205],"92.9%":[144],"(error":[145],"7.1%);":[147],"while":[148],"experimental":[150],"results":[151,213],"not":[153],"directly":[154],"comparable,":[155],"error":[157],"rate":[158],"relatively":[160],"close":[161],"to":[162,186,236],"percentage":[164],"labeled":[167],"\u201cunknown\u201d":[169],"experts":[171],"(9.7%).":[172],"Finally,":[173],"we":[174],"identified":[175],"15":[176],"features":[178],"useful":[181],"building":[183],"models":[185],"differentiate":[187],"between":[188,220],"phases":[190],"(i.e.,":[191],"decompensated":[194],"phase":[195],"during":[196],"hospitalization":[197],"recompensated":[201],"phase)":[202],"with":[203],"an":[204],"93.2%.":[207],"shows":[211],"promising":[212],"both":[214],"distinction":[217],"healthy":[221],"patients":[224,243],"different":[230],"phases.":[232],"This":[233],"may":[234],"lead":[235],"easier":[238],"identification":[239],"new":[241],"development":[246],"home-based":[248],"monitors":[250],"avoiding":[252],"hospitalizations.":[253]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T09:19:25.381259","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}