{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2999248185","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2967676","title":"Gaussian Mixture Model Based Probabilistic Modeling of Images for Medical Image Segmentation","display_name":"Gaussian Mixture Model Based Probabilistic Modeling of Images for Medical Image Segmentation","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2999248185","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2967676","mag":"2999248185"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2967676","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2967676","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/08962095.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/08962095.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005093152","display_name":"Farhan Riaz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8669-7165"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Farhan Riaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Software Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Software Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005611793","display_name":"Saad Rehman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0487-0703"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saad Rehman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Software Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Software Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101847229","display_name":"Muhammad Zeeshan Ajmal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0795-3812"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22128151","display_name":"University of Derby","ror":"https://ror.org/02yhrrk59","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22128151"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Ajmal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Mathematics, University of Derby, Derby, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Mathematics, University of Derby, Derby, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22128151"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000809180","display_name":"Rehan Hafiz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5062-3068"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1323252656","display_name":"Information Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ngv8j44","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1323252656"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rehan Hafiz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Information Technology University, Lahore, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Information Technology University, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1323252656"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047007749","display_name":"Ali Hassan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1505-5157"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Hassan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Software Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Software Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103081232","display_name":"Naif Radi Aljohani","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naif Radi Aljohani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Systems Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Systems Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087735486","display_name":"Raheel Nawaz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9588-0052"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11983389","display_name":"Manchester Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02hstj355","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raheel Nawaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing and Mathematics, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing and Mathematics, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017721629","display_name":"Rupert Young","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1669-2393"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162608824","display_name":"University of Sussex","ror":"https://ror.org/00ayhx656","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162608824"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rupert Young","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering and Informatics, University of Sussex, Brighton, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Informatics, University of Sussex, Brighton, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162608824"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038594477","display_name":"Miguel Coimbra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7501-6523"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182534213","display_name":"Universidade do Porto","ror":"https://ror.org/043pwc612","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182534213"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120471","display_name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es","ror":"https://ror.org/02ht4fk33","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miguel Coimbra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Sciences, Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Sciences, Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471","https://openalex.org/I182534213"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5005093152"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.4533,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":46,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90809305,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"16846","last_page":"16856"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10052","display_name":"Medical Image Segmentation Techniques","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10052","display_name":"Medical Image Segmentation Techniques","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9836000204086304,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7980175614356995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mixture-model","display_name":"Mixture model","score":0.6890130639076233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.6796263456344604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6590827107429504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6486641764640808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale-space-segmentation","display_name":"Scale-space segmentation","score":0.6214849948883057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.615334153175354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.5801813006401062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation-based-object-categorization","display_name":"Segmentation-based object categorization","score":0.579293966293335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expectation\u2013maximization-algorithm","display_name":"Expectation\u2013maximization algorithm","score":0.5773080587387085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.4844953715801239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-texture","display_name":"Image texture","score":0.4474871754646301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2849796414375305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximum-likelihood","display_name":"Maximum likelihood","score":0.10102027654647827}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7980175614356995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61224824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2260434","display_name":"Mixture model","level":2,"score":0.6890130639076233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.6796263456344604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6590827107429504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6486641764640808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65885262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7429708","display_name":"Scale-space segmentation","level":4,"score":0.6214849948883057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.615334153175354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.5801813006401062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25694479","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7446278","display_name":"Segmentation-based object categorization","level":5,"score":0.579293966293335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182081679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1275153","display_name":"Expectation\u2013maximization algorithm","level":3,"score":0.5773080587387085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.4844953715801239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63099799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17147001","display_name":"Image texture","level":4,"score":0.4474871754646301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2849796414375305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49781872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1045555","display_name":"Maximum likelihood","level":2,"score":0.10102027654647827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2967676","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2967676","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/08962095.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:e-space.mmu.ac.uk:625006","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://e-space.mmu.ac.uk/view/authors/f9d34b9854170ccd971e3a63ae6dc595.html>","pdf_url":"https://e-space.mmu.ac.uk/625006/1/Gaussian%20Mixture%20Model%20Based%20ProbabilisticModeling%20of%20Images%20for%20Medical%20ImageSegmentation.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.lincoln.ac.uk:52382","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196275","display_name":"Lincoln Repository (University of Lincoln)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I51532219","host_organization_name":"University of Lincoln","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51532219"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:80077415d1f9480496e53be98ca0636e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/80077415d1f9480496e53be98ca0636e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 16846-16856 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/23474852","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Gaussian_mixture_model_based_probabilistic_modeling_of_images_for_medical_image_segmentation/23474852","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/24399838","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Gaussian_mixture_model_based_probabilistic_modeling_of_images_for_medical_image_segmentation/24399838","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:sro.sussex.ac.uk:89456","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/89456/1/GMM.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400129","display_name":"Sussex Research Online (University of Sussex)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I162608824","host_organization_name":"University of Sussex","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162608824"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2967676","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2967676","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/08962095.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311699","display_name":"Manchester Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02hstj355"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2999248185.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2999248185.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1580269359","https://openalex.org/W1975873867","https://openalex.org/W1977359339","https://openalex.org/W1979393293","https://openalex.org/W1985690171","https://openalex.org/W1991113069","https://openalex.org/W2011672206","https://openalex.org/W2012276822","https://openalex.org/W2019566754","https://openalex.org/W2020513142","https://openalex.org/W2025061783","https://openalex.org/W2039533874","https://openalex.org/W2056372113","https://openalex.org/W2058944781","https://openalex.org/W2061253660","https://openalex.org/W2080479039","https://openalex.org/W2084666083","https://openalex.org/W2087662809","https://openalex.org/W2087739447","https://openalex.org/W2099111195","https://openalex.org/W2104095591","https://openalex.org/W2116040950","https://openalex.org/W2119123366","https://openalex.org/W2122184585","https://openalex.org/W2129661341","https://openalex.org/W2133811577","https://openalex.org/W2143581454","https://openalex.org/W2144133758","https://openalex.org/W2149197198","https://openalex.org/W2177220821","https://openalex.org/W2210387432","https://openalex.org/W2320096023","https://openalex.org/W2344048381","https://openalex.org/W2494343396","https://openalex.org/W2586834759","https://openalex.org/W2595142274","https://openalex.org/W2802403853","https://openalex.org/W3211330693","https://openalex.org/W4249536100","https://openalex.org/W4312881814","https://openalex.org/W6677607857","https://openalex.org/W6685678853","https://openalex.org/W6734797129"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2204605857","https://openalex.org/W2355370993","https://openalex.org/W3196005494","https://openalex.org/W2093085045","https://openalex.org/W2170380303","https://openalex.org/W3017192027","https://openalex.org/W2184524617","https://openalex.org/W2069318476","https://openalex.org/W2115198604","https://openalex.org/W2150680473"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1,138],"paper,":[2],"we":[3],"propose":[4],"a":[5,30,42,50,80,91,108],"novel":[6,31,109],"image":[7,86],"segmentation":[8,52,115,148],"algorithm":[9],"that":[10,45,63],"is":[11,62,111,118],"based":[12,33,119],"on":[13,120],"the":[14,18,24,38,54,60,67,71,98,103,114,121,124,127,131,146,174,177,189],"probability":[15],"distributions":[16,95],"of":[17,53,59,66,94,105,123,137,176],"object":[19,99,132],"and":[20,100,133,170,183],"background.":[21,101,134],"It":[22],"uses":[23],"variational":[25],"level":[26],"sets":[27],"formulation":[28],"with":[29,188],"region":[32],"term":[34,40,110],"in":[35,49,64,113],"addition":[36],"to":[37,97,130,145],"edge-based":[39],"giving":[41,180],"complementary":[43],"functional,":[44],"can":[46,87],"potentially":[47,143],"result":[48],"robust":[51],"images.":[55],"The":[56,135,150],"main":[57],"theme":[58],"method":[61,152,179],"most":[65],"medical":[68],"imaging":[69,162,167],"scenarios,":[70],"objects":[72],"are":[73],"characterized":[74],"by":[75],"some":[76],"typical":[77],"characteristics":[78],"such":[79],"color,":[81],"texture,":[82],"etc.":[83],"Consequently,":[84],"an":[85],"be":[88],"modeled":[89],"as":[90],"Gaussian":[92],"mixture":[93],"corresponding":[96,129],"During":[102],"procedure":[104],"curve":[106],"evolution,":[107],"incorporated":[112],"framework":[116],"which":[117],"maximization":[122,136],"distance":[125,139],"between":[126],"GMM":[128],"using":[140],"differential":[141],"calculus":[142],"leads":[144],"desired":[147],"results.":[149],"proposed":[151,178],"has":[153],"been":[154],"used":[155],"for":[156],"segmenting":[157],"images":[158],"from":[159],"three":[160],"distinct":[161],"modalities":[163],"i.e.":[164],"magnetic":[165],"resonance":[166],"(MRI),":[168],"dermoscopy":[169],"chromoendoscopy.":[171],"Experiments":[172],"show":[173],"effectiveness":[175],"better":[181],"qualitative":[182],"quantitative":[184],"results":[185],"when":[186],"compared":[187],"current":[190],"state-of-the-art.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}