{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2999916660","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2967217","title":"CAT-TWO: Counter-Based Adaptive Tree, Time Window Optimized for DRAM Row-Hammer Prevention","display_name":"CAT-TWO: Counter-Based Adaptive Tree, Time Window Optimized for DRAM Row-Hammer Prevention","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2999916660","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2967217","mag":"2999916660"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2967217","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2967217","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/08962085.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/08962085.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065491226","display_name":"Ingab Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2125-0573"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ingab Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Transdisciplinary Studies, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Transdisciplinary Studies, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035539518","display_name":"Eojin Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2739-2924"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eojin Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Transdisciplinary Studies, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Transdisciplinary Studies, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078262826","display_name":"Jung Ho Ahn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1733-1394"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jung Ho Ahn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Transdisciplinary Studies, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Transdisciplinary Studies, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065491226"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":5.4217,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":38,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96404906,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"17366","last_page":"17377"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dram","display_name":"Dram","score":0.8613606691360474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/row","display_name":"Row","score":0.8363227248191833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7253217697143555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.5055902004241943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/row-and-column-spaces","display_name":"Row and column spaces","score":0.45276015996932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.417610764503479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.41542935371398926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.407073974609375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.40314456820487976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.35160279273986816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2235114574432373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.1177477240562439}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7366592","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1255620","display_name":"Dram","level":2,"score":0.8613606691360474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135598885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1366302","display_name":"Row","level":2,"score":0.8363227248191833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7253217697143555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5055902004241943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104140500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2088159","display_name":"Row and column spaces","level":3,"score":0.45276015996932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.417610764503479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.41542935371398926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.407073974609375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.40314456820487976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.35160279273986816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2235114574432373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.1177477240562439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2967217","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2967217","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/08962085.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7b4d900cbc9642aaa350d9e9b61236f6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7b4d900cbc9642aaa350d9e9b61236f6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 17366-17377 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2967217","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2967217","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/08962085.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7699999809265137,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2413033111","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EDA Tool","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322202","funder_display_name":"IC Design Education Center"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5574411963","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"10077609","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334879","funder_display_name":"Korea Evaluation Institute of Industrial Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6635732358","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOTIE","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334879","funder_display_name":"Korea Evaluation Institute of Industrial Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8532035263","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"10077609","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321681","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8684215602","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF2017R1A2B2005416","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G992484961","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Korea","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321681","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321681","display_name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/008nkqk13"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322202","display_name":"IC Design Education Center","ror":"https://ror.org/005v57z85"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334879","display_name":"Korea Evaluation Institute of Industrial Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03z9cwa38"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2999916660.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2999916660.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W646173351","https://openalex.org/W1515422725","https://openalex.org/W1597555784","https://openalex.org/W2005316070","https://openalex.org/W2008941207","https://openalex.org/W2026517532","https://openalex.org/W2077940408","https://openalex.org/W2153456949","https://openalex.org/W2193198328","https://openalex.org/W2491829854","https://openalex.org/W2525431465","https://openalex.org/W2537014044","https://openalex.org/W2612114356","https://openalex.org/W2625267941","https://openalex.org/W2778822934","https://openalex.org/W2795139041","https://openalex.org/W2807401673","https://openalex.org/W2912071625","https://openalex.org/W2939057911","https://openalex.org/W2945145734","https://openalex.org/W2949951157","https://openalex.org/W2950041399","https://openalex.org/W2962726564","https://openalex.org/W3015685940","https://openalex.org/W3145579537","https://openalex.org/W4236382111","https://openalex.org/W4245276998","https://openalex.org/W6723169266","https://openalex.org/W6762157451","https://openalex.org/W6776033356","https://openalex.org/W6827069628"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2313440505","https://openalex.org/W3123744736","https://openalex.org/W1505848319","https://openalex.org/W2137691148","https://openalex.org/W4281399881","https://openalex.org/W3166006430","https://openalex.org/W4281971614","https://openalex.org/W2800626838","https://openalex.org/W2049180840","https://openalex.org/W2950041399"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Row-hammering":[0],"flips":[1],"bits":[2],"in":[3,177],"a":[4,30,43,51,56,75,161],"victim":[5,37,94,175],"DRAM":[6,15,31,164],"row":[7,32],"by":[8,23,109,144],"frequently":[9],"activating":[10],"its":[11],"adjacent":[12],"rows,":[13],"compromising":[14],"integrity.":[16],"Several":[17],"studies":[18],"propose":[19,73],"to":[20,29,173],"prevent":[21],"row-hammering":[22],"counting":[24],"the":[25,35,40,66,79,93,100,104,111,114,121,124,132,138,178],"number":[26,58,115,126],"of":[27,59,78,103,116,127,142],"activates":[28],"and":[33,113,140,166],"refreshing":[34],"corresponding":[36],"rows":[38,95,176],"before":[39],"count":[41],"surpasses":[42],"row-hammer":[44,87],"threshold.":[45],"However,":[46],"these":[47],"approaches":[48],"either":[49],"incur":[50],"significant":[52],"area":[53],"overhead":[54,159],"or":[55],"large":[57],"additional":[60,171],"activations":[61],"(ACT)":[62],"that":[63,92,123],"could":[64],"degrade":[65],"system":[67,184],"performance.":[68,185],"In":[69],"this":[70],"paper,":[71],"we":[72],"CAT-TWO,":[74],"time-window-optimized":[76],"version":[77],"existing":[80],"Counter-based":[81],"Adaptive":[82],"Tree":[83],"(CAT)":[84],"scheme":[85],"for":[86],"prevention.":[88],"We":[89,135],"first":[90],"ensure":[91],"are":[96],"always":[97],"refreshed":[98],"at":[99],"last":[101],"level":[102],"tree":[105,151],"without":[106],"counter":[107],"overflow":[108],"configuring":[110],"threshold":[112],"CAT-TWO":[117,143,148,153],"counters":[118],"based":[119],"on":[120,160],"fact":[122],"maximum":[125],"ACTs":[128,172],"is":[129],"limited":[130],"within":[131],"refresh":[133,174],"window.":[134],"further":[136],"reduce":[137],"size":[139],"latency":[141],"applying":[145],"high-radix":[146],"rank-level":[147],"with":[149],"multiple":[150],"roots.":[152],"incurs":[154],"less":[155,168],"than":[156,169],"0.7%":[157],"energy":[158],"baseline":[162],"DDR4":[163],"device,":[165],"generates":[167],"0.03%":[170],"worst":[179],"case,":[180],"which":[181],"hardly":[182],"affects":[183]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-13T07:58:08.660418","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}