{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2999121088","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2965741","title":"Experimental Testbed and Methodology for the Assessment of RTK GNSS Receivers Used in Precision Agriculture","display_name":"Experimental Testbed and Methodology for the Assessment of RTK GNSS Receivers Used in Precision Agriculture","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2999121088","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2965741","mag":"2999121088"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2965741","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2965741","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/08955794.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/08955794.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009839258","display_name":"Marco Pini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6914-3040"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155299","display_name":"LINKS Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/059r3nh67","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155299"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Pini","raw_affiliation_strings":["LINKS Foundation, Torino, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6914-3040","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LINKS Foundation, Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155299"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055833823","display_name":"Gianluca Marucco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2865-2302"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155299","display_name":"LINKS Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/059r3nh67","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155299"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gianluca Marucco","raw_affiliation_strings":["LINKS Foundation, Torino, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2865-2302","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LINKS Foundation, Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155299"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066791828","display_name":"Gianluca Falco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3370-7091"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155299","display_name":"LINKS Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/059r3nh67","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155299"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gianluca Falco","raw_affiliation_strings":["LINKS Foundation, Torino, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3370-7091","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LINKS Foundation, Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155299"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035730234","display_name":"Mario Nicola","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5282-2677"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155299","display_name":"LINKS Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/059r3nh67","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155299"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mario Nicola","raw_affiliation_strings":["LINKS Foundation, Torino, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5282-2677","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LINKS Foundation, Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155299"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083935544","display_name":"Wim De Wilde","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2694-5673"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155508","display_name":"Septentrio (Belgium)","ror":"https://ror.org/052x9wz38","country_code":"BE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155508"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wim De Wilde","raw_affiliation_strings":["Septentrio, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2694-5673","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Septentrio, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155508"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":4.3216,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":52,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95460011,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"14690","last_page":"14703"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14163","display_name":"Astronomical Observations and Instrumentation","score":0.9794999957084656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14163","display_name":"Astronomical Observations and Instrumentation","score":0.9794999957084656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11325","display_name":"Inertial Sensor and Navigation","score":0.9702000021934509,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9621000289916992,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.8920419812202454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/testbed","display_name":"Testbed","score":0.7929006814956665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6708921790122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precision-agriculture","display_name":"Precision agriculture","score":0.5665788054466248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5007476806640625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agriculture","display_name":"Agriculture","score":0.3408069312572479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.3098445534706116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.19545727968215942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.09397336840629578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.07427391409873962}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.8920419812202454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31395832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318674","display_name":"Testbed","level":2,"score":0.7929006814956665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6708921790122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120217122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740083","display_name":"Precision agriculture","level":3,"score":0.5665788054466248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5007476806640625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.3408069312572479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.3098445534706116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.19545727968215942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.09397336840629578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.07427391409873962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2965741","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2965741","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/08955794.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0a155a5ddde04cca9a3d0e220a2959f0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0a155a5ddde04cca9a3d0e220a2959f0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 14690-14703 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2965741","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2965741","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/08955794.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.699999988079071,"display_name":"Zero hunger","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2786050713","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"GSA/GRANT/01/2016 (\u201cFANTASTIC\u201d)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320306","funder_display_name":"European GNSS Agency"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5084069416","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"GSA/GRANT/01/2016","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320306","funder_display_name":"European GNSS Agency"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320306","display_name":"European GNSS Agency","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2999121088.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2999121088.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W138431654","https://openalex.org/W290129977","https://openalex.org/W379539426","https://openalex.org/W1564768010","https://openalex.org/W1764704420","https://openalex.org/W1843256411","https://openalex.org/W1978331315","https://openalex.org/W1980597356","https://openalex.org/W2006658809","https://openalex.org/W2053053682","https://openalex.org/W2566692295","https://openalex.org/W2580246494","https://openalex.org/W2738399052","https://openalex.org/W2756352605","https://openalex.org/W2792553889","https://openalex.org/W2903336648","https://openalex.org/W2916442355","https://openalex.org/W2938050580","https://openalex.org/W7028746231"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2883256816","https://openalex.org/W2171408034","https://openalex.org/W3003320923","https://openalex.org/W3201212491","https://openalex.org/W4380767732","https://openalex.org/W299681709","https://openalex.org/W2366894498","https://openalex.org/W2478114980","https://openalex.org/W4247744717","https://openalex.org/W3161605631"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Precision":[0],"Agriculture":[1],"(PA)":[2],"refers":[3],"to":[4,32,56,72,76,81,142,160,166],"applications":[5,118,194],"asking":[6],"for":[7,60,191],"reliable":[8],"and":[9,26,43,65,79,139,156,186,199],"highly":[10],"available":[11],"precise":[12],"positions,":[13],"at":[14],"centimeter":[15],"level,":[16],"in":[17,119,151,169,176],"most":[18],"of":[19,84,147,179,189],"operational":[20,152],"scenarios.":[21],"Machinery":[22],"guidance,":[23],"automatic":[24],"steering":[25],"controlled":[27],"traffic":[28],"farming":[29,63],"enable":[30],"machinery":[31],"move":[33],"along":[34],"repeatable":[35],"tracks":[36],"on":[37,196],"the":[38,46,54,99,113,125,144],"field,":[39],"minimizing":[40],"pass-to-pass":[41],"errors":[42],"overlaps.":[44],"In":[45],"recent":[47],"years,":[48],"satellite-based":[49],"navigation":[50],"has":[51],"also":[52,183],"opened":[53],"door":[55],"(semi)":[57],"autonomous":[58],"machineries":[59],"some":[61],"specific":[62],"scenarios":[64],"operations.":[66],"Farming":[67],"industry":[68],"is":[69],"now":[70],"looking":[71],"use":[73],"small":[74,197],"robots":[75,198],"bring":[77],"efficiencies":[78],"benefits":[80],"farms,":[82],"capable":[83],"complex":[85],"tasks":[86],"that":[87],"have":[88],"not":[89],"been":[90],"possible":[91],"with":[92,130,173],"traditional":[93],"large-scale":[94],"agricultural":[95],"machinery.":[96],"Even":[97],"though":[98],"state-of-the-art":[100],"Real":[101],"Time":[102],"Kinematic":[103],"(RTK)":[104],"Global":[105],"Navigation":[106],"Satellite":[107],"System":[108],"(GNSS)":[109],"receivers":[110],"usually":[111],"match":[112],"requirements":[114],"posed":[115],"by":[116],"PA":[117,193],"open":[120],"fields,":[121],"propagation":[122],"effects":[123],"degrade":[124],"performance":[126,146],"under":[127],"foliage":[128],"or":[129],"surrounding":[131],"obstacles.":[132],"This":[133],"paper":[134,182],"presents":[135],"an":[136],"experimental":[137],"testbed":[138,155],"methodology":[140,157],"suitable":[141],"assess":[143],"real":[145],"RTK":[148],"GNSS-based":[149],"devices":[150],"environments.":[153,180],"Such":[154],"were":[158],"effective":[159],"compare":[161],"different":[162],"devices,":[163],"which":[164],"resulted":[165],"be":[167],"equivalent":[168],"open-sky":[170],"conditions,":[171],"but":[172],"significant":[174],"differences":[175],"other":[177],"types":[178],"The":[181],"discusses":[184],"opportunities":[185],"current":[187],"limits":[188],"GNSS":[190],"emerging":[192],"based":[195],"artificial":[200],"intelligence.":[201]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}