{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2999221210","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2965537","title":"Detecting Object Open Angle and Direction Using Machine Learning","display_name":"Detecting Object Open Angle and Direction Using Machine Learning","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2999221210","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2965537","mag":"2999221210"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2965537","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2965537","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/08955792.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/08955792.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100430667","display_name":"Yiwen Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7304-9820"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yiwen Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Modern Optics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7304-9820","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Modern Optics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108852254","display_name":"Yongxiong Ren","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongxiong Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025713697","display_name":"Guodong Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0037-8495"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guodong Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100376392","display_name":"Zhi Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3252-9254"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Modern Optics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Modern Optics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100396872","display_name":"Hao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2058-7123"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Modern Optics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Modern Optics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037758088","display_name":"Tianxu Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianxu Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Modern Optics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Modern Optics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108138181","display_name":"Haoyuan Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7698-6184"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haoyuan Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Modern Optics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Modern Optics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084563249","display_name":"Hao Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3151-367X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113778133","display_name":"Changjing Bao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Changjing Bao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042805627","display_name":"Zhongqi Pan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2325-2254"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79516672","display_name":"University of Louisiana at Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/01x8rc503","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799628689","https://openalex.org/I79516672"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhongqi Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79516672"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yang Yue","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Yue","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Modern Optics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Modern Optics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":11,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100430667"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":4.1629,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94128154,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"12300","last_page":"12306"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12549","display_name":"Image and Object Detection Techniques","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7906923294067383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.6587661504745483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6347711086273193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.6253496408462524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5954663753509521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.515605628490448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.46156683564186096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.4522172212600708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranging","display_name":"Ranging","score":0.4460394084453583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-neuroscience-of-visual-object-recognition","display_name":"Cognitive neuroscience of visual object recognition","score":0.4450647830963135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.42605969309806824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-tree","display_name":"Decision tree","score":0.41147804260253906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.39683443307876587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.3944278359413147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3551478385925293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.288934588432312}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7906923294067383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.6587661504745483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6347711086273193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.6253496408462524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5954663753509521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.515605628490448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.46156683564186096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4522172212600708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.4460394084453583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64876066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141226","display_name":"Cognitive neuroscience of visual object recognition","level":3,"score":0.4450647830963135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.42605969309806824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.41147804260253906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.39683443307876587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.3944278359413147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3551478385925293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.288934588432312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2965537","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2965537","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/08955792.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:fff526c518d64cb7b508a93c8ae03cf1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/fff526c518d64cb7b508a93c8ae03cf1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 12300-12306 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2965537","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2965537","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/08955792.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4300000071525574,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1245999346","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019YFB1803700","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1247056911","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"11774181","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1814370774","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"63191511","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5483427637","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018YFB0504400","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7818954517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018YFB0703500","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8568924585","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61775107","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8914884400","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"63191511","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323021","funder_display_name":"Nankai University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323021","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2999221210.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2999221210.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1556909464","https://openalex.org/W1960182310","https://openalex.org/W2091887928","https://openalex.org/W2100495367","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2118023920","https://openalex.org/W2123099218","https://openalex.org/W2166600456","https://openalex.org/W2176950688","https://openalex.org/W2294543795","https://openalex.org/W2314029052","https://openalex.org/W2322112093","https://openalex.org/W2437155937","https://openalex.org/W2520188835","https://openalex.org/W2527348349","https://openalex.org/W2532752915","https://openalex.org/W2611788760","https://openalex.org/W2619883154","https://openalex.org/W2783231089","https://openalex.org/W2884367402","https://openalex.org/W2903673202","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2962992847","https://openalex.org/W2963773494","https://openalex.org/W2964101383","https://openalex.org/W2973994693","https://openalex.org/W3100021595","https://openalex.org/W3103690961","https://openalex.org/W4205947740","https://openalex.org/W4297775537","https://openalex.org/W6726399958","https://openalex.org/W6737664043"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2783354812","https://openalex.org/W4384112194","https://openalex.org/W2103009189","https://openalex.org/W4312958259","https://openalex.org/W4308259661","https://openalex.org/W4390813131","https://openalex.org/W2349383066","https://openalex.org/W4328132048","https://openalex.org/W2969228573","https://openalex.org/W2963690996"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Nowadays,":[0],"the":[1,64,72,75,95,117,133],"object":[2,23],"detection":[3],"techniques":[4],"have":[5],"been":[6],"developed":[7],"rapidly":[8],"for":[9,79,141],"different":[10],"applications,":[11],"ranging":[12],"from":[13],"remote":[14],"sensing":[15],"to":[16],"autonomous":[17],"vehicles.":[18],"We":[19],"demonstrate":[20],"identification":[21,142],"of":[22,66,74,116,119],"open":[24,81],"angle":[25],"and":[26,48,60,83,109],"direction":[27],"using":[28],"machine":[29,112],"learning":[30],"(ML)":[31],"algorithms":[32],"based":[33],"on":[34],"received":[35],"light":[36],"beam's":[37],"intensity":[38],"profiles.":[39],"Compared":[40],"with":[41],"previous":[42],"optical":[43],"orbital-angular-momentum":[44],"(OAM)":[45],"spectrum":[46],"system":[47],"other":[49,96],"related":[50],"works,":[51],"our":[52],"proposed":[53],"technique":[54],"only":[55],"uses":[56],"a":[57],"single-shot":[58],"image,":[59],"can":[61],"efficiently":[62],"reduce":[63],"complexity":[65],"hardware":[67],"implementation.":[68],"Specifically,":[69],"we":[70],"verify":[71],"reliability":[73],"simulation":[76],"results":[77],"experimentally":[78],"14":[80],"angles":[82],"32":[84],"directions.":[85],"Experimental":[86],"result":[87],"shows":[88],"that":[89],"convolutional":[90],"neural":[91],"network":[92],"(CNN)":[93],"outperforms":[94],"traditional":[97],"ML":[98],"algorithms,":[99],"such":[100],"as":[101],"decision":[102],"tree":[103],"(DT),":[104],"k-nearest":[105],"neighbor":[106],"algorithm":[107,127],"(KNN),":[108],"support":[110],"vector":[111],"(SVM).":[113],"As":[114],"one":[115],"variant":[118],"CNN,":[120],"MobileNet":[121],"(MN)":[122],"has":[123],"relatively":[124],"simplified":[125],"iteration":[126],"than":[128],"VGG-like":[129],"net.":[130],"It":[131],"reduces":[132],"computational":[134],"power,":[135],"while":[136],"still":[137],"maintaining":[138],"high":[139],"accuracy":[140],"issues.":[143]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
