{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2998861456","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2964845","title":"An Integrated Framework Based on Latent Variational Autoencoder for Providing Early Warning of At-Risk Students","display_name":"An Integrated Framework Based on Latent Variational Autoencoder for Providing Early Warning of At-Risk Students","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2998861456","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2964845","mag":"2998861456"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2964845","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2964845","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/08952699.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/08952699.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011275854","display_name":"Xu Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9069-6109"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40963666","display_name":"Central China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x1jna21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xu Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Engineering Research Center for E-Learning, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Research Center for E-Learning, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020713789","display_name":"Juan Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2004-8613"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40963666","display_name":"Central China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x1jna21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juan Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Engineering Research Center for E-Learning, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Research Center for E-Learning, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053514094","display_name":"Jui-Long Hung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7710-7231"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120156002","display_name":"Boise State University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e3zdp86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120156002"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40963666","display_name":"Central China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x1jna21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jui-Long Hung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Educational Technology, Boise State University, Boise, USA","National Engineering Laboratory for Educational Big Data, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Educational Technology, Boise State University, Boise, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120156002"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Laboratory for Educational Big Data, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011275854"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":4.335,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94373108,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"10110","last_page":"10122"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11653","display_name":"Financial Distress and Bankruptcy Prediction","score":0.9656000137329102,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1402","display_name":"Accounting"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoencoder","display_name":"Autoencoder","score":0.8576474189758301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7765690088272095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/popularity","display_name":"Popularity","score":0.6779641509056091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.662093997001648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.645776629447937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseline","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","score":0.5076900720596313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dilemma","display_name":"Dilemma","score":0.5003483295440674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.48051342368125916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4397630989551544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.4220197796821594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.34355616569519043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3316687345504761}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101738243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786435","display_name":"Autoencoder","level":3,"score":0.8576474189758301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7765690088272095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1357284","display_name":"Popularity","level":2,"score":0.6779641509056091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.662093997001648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.645776629447937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.5076900720596313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778496695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254128","display_name":"Dilemma","level":2,"score":0.5003483295440674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.48051342368125916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4397630989551544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.4220197796821594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.34355616569519043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3316687345504761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2964845","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2964845","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/08952699.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarworks.boisestate.edu:edtech_facpubs-1228","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarworks.boisestate.edu/edtech_facpubs/228","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196366","display_name":"Scholar Works  (Boise State University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I120156002","host_organization_name":"Boise State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120156002"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Educational Technology Faculty Publications and Presentations","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:388606fc2d03405e89183faa805ba18c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/388606fc2d03405e89183faa805ba18c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 10110-10122 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2964845","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2964845","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/08952699.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.7699999809265137}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1231421488","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"under","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3101698734","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61877027","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2998861456.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2998861456.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":70,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W571200655","https://openalex.org/W1563938718","https://openalex.org/W1930320732","https://openalex.org/W1959608418","https://openalex.org/W1974614011","https://openalex.org/W1985288162","https://openalex.org/W1986999597","https://openalex.org/W1998228775","https://openalex.org/W2064978858","https://openalex.org/W2089892729","https://openalex.org/W2095557820","https://openalex.org/W2096945460","https://openalex.org/W2098065385","https://openalex.org/W2100580466","https://openalex.org/W2107429464","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2118978333","https://openalex.org/W2124685890","https://openalex.org/W2125118175","https://openalex.org/W2125389028","https://openalex.org/W2132428512","https://openalex.org/W2160299137","https://openalex.org/W2183210442","https://openalex.org/W2187089797","https://openalex.org/W2218710975","https://openalex.org/W2331268274","https://openalex.org/W2341108845","https://openalex.org/W2342476492","https://openalex.org/W2461343855","https://openalex.org/W2462018304","https://openalex.org/W2470052106","https://openalex.org/W2518782678","https://openalex.org/W2528720667","https://openalex.org/W2541754901","https://openalex.org/W2566035556","https://openalex.org/W2574518178","https://openalex.org/W2584256333","https://openalex.org/W2586466723","https://openalex.org/W2586955972","https://openalex.org/W2596352504","https://openalex.org/W2607242210","https://openalex.org/W2612555361","https://openalex.org/W2734984521","https://openalex.org/W2736272723","https://openalex.org/W2752162157","https://openalex.org/W2787299695","https://openalex.org/W2787416629","https://openalex.org/W2793070678","https://openalex.org/W2796027300","https://openalex.org/W2805937758","https://openalex.org/W2891132891","https://openalex.org/W2898260903","https://openalex.org/W2944445300","https://openalex.org/W2946142322","https://openalex.org/W2964195932","https://openalex.org/W2976440338","https://openalex.org/W4320013936","https://openalex.org/W6640963894","https://openalex.org/W6675023577","https://openalex.org/W6678377376","https://openalex.org/W6678815747","https://openalex.org/W6679683392","https://openalex.org/W6704546155","https://openalex.org/W6718575216","https://openalex.org/W6718663055","https://openalex.org/W6732172084","https://openalex.org/W6737833262","https://openalex.org/W6750096262","https://openalex.org/W6751658538","https://openalex.org/W6779669310"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2368605798","https://openalex.org/W2518037665","https://openalex.org/W3013693939","https://openalex.org/W2348524959","https://openalex.org/W2477036161","https://openalex.org/W2368049389","https://openalex.org/W2384861574","https://openalex.org/W2566616303","https://openalex.org/W4294565801","https://openalex.org/W2170801710"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,190],"rapid":[1],"development":[2],"of":[3,25,30,99,108,115,127,138,182,192,200,214,218],"learning":[4,9],"technologies":[5],"has":[6],"enabled":[7],"online":[8],"paradigm":[10],"to":[11,55,64,72,94,104,123,131,145],"gain":[12],"great":[13],"popularity":[14],"in":[15,36,118,180,202,207,220],"both":[16],"high":[17],"education":[18,166],"and":[19,102,130,168,172,184],"K-12,":[20],"which":[21,59],"makes":[22,60],"the":[23,31,39,50,67,96,113,136,154,164,198,212,215,221],"prediction":[24,41,175],"student":[26],"performance":[27,148],"become":[28],"one":[29],"most":[32],"popular":[33],"research":[34],"topics":[35],"education.":[37],"However,":[38],"traditional":[40],"algorithms":[42],"are":[43,230],"originally":[44],"designed":[45],"for":[46,135,226],"balanced":[47,141],"dataset,":[48,58,223],"while":[49],"educational":[51,100,116,208],"dataset":[52,101,157,167],"typically":[53],"belongs":[54],"highly":[56],"imbalanced":[57,97,165,205],"it":[61],"more":[62,173],"difficult":[63],"accurately":[65],"identify":[66],"at-risk":[68,109,128,133],"students.":[69,110],"In":[70],"order":[71],"solve":[73],"this":[74,76],"dilemma,":[75],"study":[77],"proposes":[78],"an":[79],"integrated":[80],"framework":[81],"(LVAEPre)":[82],"based":[83,152],"on":[84,153],"latent":[85,125],"variational":[86],"autoencoder":[87],"(LVAE)":[88],"with":[89,112,204],"deep":[90],"neural":[91],"network":[92],"(DNN)":[93],"alleviate":[95],"distribution":[98,126],"further":[103,196],"provide":[105,169],"early":[106],"warning":[107],"Specifically,":[111],"characteristics":[114],"data":[117],"mind,":[119],"LVAE":[120,201],"mainly":[121],"aims":[122],"learn":[124],"students":[129],"generate":[132],"samples":[134],"purpose":[137],"obtaining":[139],"a":[140],"dataset.":[142,209],"DNN":[143],"is":[144],"perform":[146],"final":[147],"prediction.":[149],"Extensive":[150],"experiments":[151],"collected":[155],"K-12":[156],"show":[158],"that":[159],"LVAEPre":[160,219],"can":[161],"effectively":[162],"handle":[163],"much":[170],"better":[171],"stable":[174],"results":[176,195],"than":[177],"baseline":[178],"methods":[179],"terms":[181],"accuracy":[183],"F":[185],"<sub":[186],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[187],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">1.5</sub>":[188],"score.":[189],"comparison":[191],"t-SNE":[193],"visualization":[194],"confirms":[197],"advantage":[199],"dealing":[203],"issue":[206],"Finally,":[210],"through":[211],"identification":[213],"significant":[216],"predictors":[217],"experimental":[222],"some":[224],"suggestions":[225],"designing":[227],"pedagogical":[228],"interventions":[229],"put":[231],"forward.":[232]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
