{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2976520979","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2964673","title":"The Potential Short- and Long-Term Disruptions and Transformative Impacts of 5G and Beyond Wireless Networks: Lessons Learnt From the Development of a 5G Testbed Environment","display_name":"The Potential Short- and Long-Term Disruptions and Transformative Impacts of 5G and Beyond Wireless Networks: Lessons Learnt From the Development of a 5G Testbed Environment","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2976520979","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2964673","mag":"2976520979"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2964673","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2964673","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/08951153.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/08951153.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112283314","display_name":"Mohmammad N. Patwary","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12870472","display_name":"Birmingham City University","ror":"https://ror.org/00t67pt25","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12870472"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohmammad N. Patwary","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Digital Technology, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-5295","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Digital Technology, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12870472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034970020","display_name":"Syed Junaid Nawaz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5448-2170"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Syed Junaid Nawaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad, Pakistan","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI)  Islamabad Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5448-2170","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI)  Islamabad Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100674576","display_name":"Md. Abdur Rahman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4105-0368"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151290","display_name":"Islamic University of Madinah","ror":"https://ror.org/03rcp1y74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151290"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md. Abdur Rahman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cyber Security and Forensic Computing, University of Prince Mugrin, Medina, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4105-0368","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cyber Security and Forensic Computing, University of Prince Mugrin, Medina, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151290"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004973785","display_name":"Shree Krishna Sharma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9823-2886"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","display_name":"University of Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/036x5ad56","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}],"countries":["LU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shree Krishna Sharma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Interdisciplinary Center for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT), University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg","[Interdisciplinary Center for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT), University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg]"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9823-2886","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interdisciplinary Center for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT), University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Interdisciplinary Center for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT), University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103880682","display_name":"Mamunur Rashid","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","display_name":"King's College London","ror":"https://ror.org/0220mzb33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md. Mamunur Rashid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Consumer and Organizational Data Analytics (CODA) Research Centre, King&#x2019;s College London, London, U.K","[Consumer and Organizational Data Analytics (CODA) Research Centre, King\u2019s College London, London, U.K.]"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6249-1181","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Consumer and Organizational Data Analytics (CODA) Research Centre, King&#x2019;s College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Consumer and Organizational Data Analytics (CODA) Research Centre, King\u2019s College London, London, U.K.]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021176930","display_name":"Stuart J. Barnes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6480-7100"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","display_name":"King's College London","ror":"https://ror.org/0220mzb33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stuart J. Barnes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Consumer and Organizational Data Analytics (CODA) Research Centre, King&#x2019;s College London, London, U.K","[Consumer and Organizational Data Analytics (CODA) Research Centre, King\u2019s College London, London, U.K.]"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6480-7100","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Consumer and Organizational Data Analytics (CODA) Research Centre, King&#x2019;s College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Consumer and Organizational Data Analytics (CODA) Research Centre, King\u2019s College London, London, U.K.]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.5203,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.63596519,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"11352","last_page":"11379"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9914000034332275,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9855999946594238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business-model","display_name":"Business model","score":0.6438577771186829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business-ecosystem","display_name":"Business ecosystem","score":0.5792714357376099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.5621654391288757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cellular-network","display_name":"Cellular network","score":0.5290272235870361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.5151900053024292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/testbed","display_name":"Testbed","score":0.4971831142902374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.47311827540397644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business-case","display_name":"Business case","score":0.4523041546344757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-broadband","display_name":"Mobile broadband","score":0.4295177161693573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-organization","display_name":"Industrial organization","score":0.4194575250148773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capital-expenditure","display_name":"Capital expenditure","score":0.4143185615539551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-economics","display_name":"Environmental economics","score":0.38743069767951965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.36786821484565735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.30164241790771484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-management","display_name":"Process management","score":0.25149595737457275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marketing","display_name":"Marketing","score":0.22967121005058289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.159258633852005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.14697769284248352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finance","display_name":"Finance","score":0.14031508564949036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.13416466116905212}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4216890","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815823","display_name":"Business model","level":2,"score":0.6438577771186829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167908162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870119","display_name":"Business ecosystem","level":2,"score":0.5792714357376099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.5621654391288757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.5290272235870361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5151900053024292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31395832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318674","display_name":"Testbed","level":2,"score":0.4971831142902374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.47311827540397644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57252376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1896170","display_name":"Business case","level":2,"score":0.4523041546344757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78834623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q640394","display_name":"Mobile broadband","level":3,"score":0.4295177161693573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.4194575250148773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172497479","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q302208","display_name":"Capital expenditure","level":2,"score":0.4143185615539551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134560507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753291","display_name":"Environmental economics","level":1,"score":0.38743069767951965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.36786821484565735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.30164241790771484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195094911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904","display_name":"Process management","level":1,"score":0.25149595737457275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.22967121005058289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.159258633852005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.14697769284248352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.14031508564949036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.13416466116905212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2964673","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2964673","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/08951153.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1909.10576","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1909.10576","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1909.10576","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5d1474ff05e34865a15e25924969e012","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5d1474ff05e34865a15e25924969e012","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 11352-11379 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:kclpure.kcl.ac.uk:publications/1915d509-9c8a-47c7-be60-5bd04bbe9aa5","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/1915d509-9c8a-47c7-be60-5bd04bbe9aa5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400216","display_name":"Research Portal (King's College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","host_organization_name":"King's College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Patwary, M N, Junaid Nawaz, S, Rahman, M A, Sharma, S K, Rashid, M M & Barnes, S J 2020, 'The Potential Short- And Long-Term Disruptions and Transformative Impacts of 5G and beyond Wireless Networks : Lessons Learnt from the Development of a 5G Testbed Environment', IEEE Access, vol. 8, 8951153, pp. 11352-11379. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2964673","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:orbilu.uni.lu:10993/41493","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://orbilu.uni.lu/handle/10993/41493","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401815","display_name":"Open Repository and Bibliography (University of Luxembourg)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","host_organization_name":"University of Luxembourg","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1909.10576","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1909.10576","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"mag:2976520979","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2964673","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2964673","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/08951153.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.6600000262260437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2976520979.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2976520979.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":138,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W29935270","https://openalex.org/W1488270586","https://openalex.org/W1918631896","https://openalex.org/W1922937245","https://openalex.org/W1992548642","https://openalex.org/W2024252477","https://openalex.org/W2029090942","https://openalex.org/W2043242561","https://openalex.org/W2052419127","https://openalex.org/W2054692642","https://openalex.org/W2103586998","https://openalex.org/W2103972037","https://openalex.org/W2141682101","https://openalex.org/W2144878551","https://openalex.org/W2164886582","https://openalex.org/W2184970550","https://openalex.org/W2191948661","https://openalex.org/W2273675851","https://openalex.org/W2277419020","https://openalex.org/W2294511912","https://openalex.org/W2327455150","https://openalex.org/W2332129570","https://openalex.org/W2343044157","https://openalex.org/W2343448572","https://openalex.org/W2384087374","https://openalex.org/W2421246997","https://openalex.org/W2433339266","https://openalex.org/W2499480874","https://openalex.org/W2538463904","https://openalex.org/W2568384394","https://openalex.org/W2598890134","https://openalex.org/W2605157201","https://openalex.org/W2605344455","https://openalex.org/W2605821496","https://openalex.org/W2621666987","https://openalex.org/W2702887932","https://openalex.org/W2735299418","https://openalex.org/W2739755749","https://openalex.org/W2740027807","https://openalex.org/W2744484466","https://openalex.org/W2751904527","https://openalex.org/W2755635976","https://openalex.org/W2758225150","https://openalex.org/W2765226969","https://openalex.org/W2765965435","https://openalex.org/W2766748795","https://openalex.org/W2770769351","https://openalex.org/W2772805003","https://openalex.org/W2775383661","https://openalex.org/W2783147858","https://openalex.org/W2783579192","https://openalex.org/W2786124958","https://openalex.org/W2789431917","https://openalex.org/W2789441909","https://openalex.org/W2790575478","https://openalex.org/W2791081174","https://openalex.org/W2791647672","https://openalex.org/W2793130454","https://openalex.org/W2793346081","https://openalex.org/W2793519446","https://openalex.org/W2793953927","https://openalex.org/W2794194229","https://openalex.org/W2796082739","https://openalex.org/W2796181329","https://openalex.org/W2796875185","https://openalex.org/W2797864638","https://openalex.org/W2797972299","https://openalex.org/W2799502406","https://openalex.org/W2800063969","https://openalex.org/W2800663167","https://openalex.org/W2800818259","https://openalex.org/W2802495557","https://openalex.org/W2805037475","https://openalex.org/W2810990271","https://openalex.org/W2883271860","https://openalex.org/W2885734057","https://openalex.org/W2886128149","https://openalex.org/W2887019724","https://openalex.org/W2889502752","https://openalex.org/W2889913941","https://openalex.org/W2891195597","https://openalex.org/W2891307853","https://openalex.org/W2893088686","https://openalex.org/W2893645564","https://openalex.org/W2899319007","https://openalex.org/W2899403756","https://openalex.org/W2899717508","https://openalex.org/W2902466218","https://openalex.org/W2904465401","https://openalex.org/W2907612615","https://openalex.org/W2907982019","https://openalex.org/W2910159176","https://openalex.org/W2910691198","https://openalex.org/W2911939397","https://openalex.org/W2913723654","https://openalex.org/W2914129986","https://openalex.org/W2914492849","https://openalex.org/W2916066860","https://openalex.org/W2918228166","https://openalex.org/W2920756956","https://openalex.org/W2929612105","https://openalex.org/W2932079869","https://openalex.org/W2935176285","https://openalex.org/W2938626574","https://openalex.org/W2938632398","https://openalex.org/W2943695687","https://openalex.org/W2944001547","https://openalex.org/W2944046640","https://openalex.org/W2944261693","https://openalex.org/W2944469681","https://openalex.org/W2945766087","https://openalex.org/W2946769399","https://openalex.org/W2947400732","https://openalex.org/W2947690458","https://openalex.org/W2950597098","https://openalex.org/W2954281084","https://openalex.org/W2954643877","https://openalex.org/W2958091556","https://openalex.org/W2962715987","https://openalex.org/W2963200950","https://openalex.org/W2963456055","https://openalex.org/W2963507231","https://openalex.org/W2964133168","https://openalex.org/W2965343532","https://openalex.org/W2965824823","https://openalex.org/W2967964214","https://openalex.org/W2968428686","https://openalex.org/W2968435838","https://openalex.org/W2968746919","https://openalex.org/W2971414989","https://openalex.org/W2981096252","https://openalex.org/W3098347096","https://openalex.org/W3101098008","https://openalex.org/W3120586454","https://openalex.org/W4253771102","https://openalex.org/W6730910983","https://openalex.org/W6759387332","https://openalex.org/W6761289918"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2999244642","https://openalex.org/W3123053152","https://openalex.org/W2896758866","https://openalex.org/W2753986375","https://openalex.org/W3130626370","https://openalex.org/W3155634408","https://openalex.org/W2086480639","https://openalex.org/W3153339288","https://openalex.org/W2887440581","https://openalex.org/W2077025136","https://openalex.org/W3006595050","https://openalex.org/W2279434104","https://openalex.org/W2218286286","https://openalex.org/W2497508352","https://openalex.org/W2513531626","https://openalex.org/W2057746391","https://openalex.org/W2238652536","https://openalex.org/W3021572571","https://openalex.org/W2324078240","https://openalex.org/W1999343944"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,318,385],"capacity":[1],"and":[2,12,43,65,94,101,138,151,209,226,241,257,272,276,292,320,334,340,346,366,371,395,404],"coverage":[3],"requirements":[4],"for":[5,74],"5":[6],"<sup":[7],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[8],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">th</sup>":[9],"generation":[10],"(5G)":[11],"beyond":[13],"wireless":[14],"connectivity":[15,248],"will":[16,211,227,251,263,298,409],"be":[17,40,314],"significantly":[18],"different":[19],"from":[20],"the":[21,28,33,46,53,70,76,92,98,103,118,130,134,146,161,177,189,198,213,230,244,253,287,300,330,355,390,400,406,414],"predecessor":[22],"networks.":[23,285],"To":[24],"meet":[25],"these":[26,341],"requirements,":[27],"anticipated":[29,178,245],"deployment":[30,136],"cost":[31,137,179],"in":[32,249,413],"United":[34],"Kingdom":[35],"(UK)":[36],"is":[37,58,126,154,158,295,383],"predicted":[38],"to":[39,91,128,175,183,193,313,344],"between":[41],"\u00a330bn":[42],"\u00a350bn,":[44],"whereas":[45,80],"current":[47,231],"annual":[48],"capital":[49],"expenditure":[50],"(CapEX)":[51],"of":[52,69,83,97,132,148,163,197,207,216,234,255,289,302,322,329,357,393],"mobile":[54,109],"network":[55,99,111,408],"operators":[56,112],"(MNOs)":[57],"\u00a32.5bn.":[59],"This":[60,185,262,297],"prospect":[61],"has":[62,66,172],"vastly":[63],"impacted":[64],"become":[67],"one":[68],"major":[71],"delaying":[72],"factors":[73],"building":[75],"5G":[77,84,135,250,304,407],"physical":[78,402],"infrastructure,":[79,149],"other":[81],"areas":[82,338],"are":[85,114,311,336],"progressing":[86],"at":[87],"their":[88],"speed.":[89],"Due":[90],"expensive":[93],"complicated":[95],"nature":[96],"infrastructure":[100,166,208,403],"spectrum,":[102,405],"second-tier":[104],"operators,":[105],"widely":[106],"known":[107],"as":[108,268,280,282,325,327],"virtual":[110],"(MVNO),":[113],"entirely":[115],"dependent":[116],"on":[117],"MNOs.":[119],"In":[120,143,349],"this":[121,144,350,352],"paper,":[122],"an":[123],"extensive":[124,265],"study":[125,203,386],"conducted":[127],"explore":[129],"possibilities":[131],"reducing":[133],"developing":[139],"viable":[140],"business":[141,232,236,270,316,381,416],"models.":[142],"regard,":[145],"potential":[147,174,391],"data,":[150,324],"spectrum":[152,210,293],"sharing":[153],"thoroughly":[155],"investigated.":[156],"It":[157],"established":[159],"that":[160,205,388],"use":[162],"existing":[164],"public":[165],"(e.g.,":[167,220],"streetlights,":[168],"telephone":[169],"poles,":[170],"etc.)":[171],"a":[173,269,303,358,378],"reduce":[176],"by":[180],"about":[181],"40%":[182],"60%.":[184],"paper":[186,353],"also":[187],"reviews":[188],"recent":[190],"Ofcom":[191],"initiatives":[192],"release":[194],"location-based":[195],"licenses":[196],"5G-compatible":[199],"radio":[200],"spectrum.":[201],"Our":[202],"suggests":[204],"simplification":[206],"encourage":[212,264],"exponential":[214],"growth":[215],"scenario-specific":[217],"cellular":[218],"networks":[219],"private":[221],"networks,":[222,224],"community":[223],"micro-operators)":[225],"potentially":[228],"disrupt":[229],"models":[233,333],"telecommunication":[235],"stakeholders":[237,294],"\u2013":[238,339],"specifically":[239],"MNOs":[240],"TowerCos.":[242],"Furthermore,":[243],"dense":[246],"device":[247],"increase":[252],"resolution":[254],"traditional":[256],"non-traditional":[258],"data":[259,266,305,309,360,379,394,396],"availability":[260],"significantly.":[261],"harvesting":[267],"opportunity":[271],"function":[273],"within":[274],"small":[275],"medium-sized":[277],"enterprises":[278],"(SMEs)":[279],"well":[281,326],"large":[283],"social":[284],"Consequently,":[286],"rise":[288],"new":[290],"infrastructures":[291],"anticipated.":[296],"fuel":[299],"development":[301,356],"exchange":[306],"ecosystem":[307],"where":[308],"transactions":[310,397],"deemed":[312],"high-value":[315],"commodities.":[317],"privacy":[319,365],"security":[321,367],"such":[323],"definitions":[328],"associated":[331],"revenue":[332],"ownership,":[335],"challenging":[337],"have":[342],"yet":[343],"emerge":[345],"mature":[347],"fully.":[348],"direction,":[351],"proposes":[354],"unified":[359],"hub":[361],"with":[362,369,389,399],"layered":[363],"structured":[364],"along":[368,398],"blockchain":[370],"encrypted":[372],"off-chain":[373],"based":[374],"ownership/royalty":[375],"tracking.":[376],"Also,":[377],"economy-oriented":[380],"model":[382],"proposed.":[384],"found":[387],"commodification":[392],"low-cost":[401],"introduce":[410],"significant":[411],"disruption":[412],"Telco":[415],"ecosystem.":[417]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}