{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2997954894","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2963341","title":"Why is Short-Time PM2.5 Forecast Difficult? The Effects of Sudden Events","display_name":"Why is Short-Time PM2.5 Forecast Difficult? The Effects of Sudden Events","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-12-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2997954894","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2963341","mag":"2997954894"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2963341","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2963341","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/08946530.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/08946530.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036816836","display_name":"Nai-Cih Liou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2166-6333"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098366","display_name":"Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica","ror":"https://ror.org/00z83z196","country_code":"TW","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098366","https://openalex.org/I84653119"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nai-Cih Liou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Academia Sinica, Institute of Information Science, Taipei, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2166-6333","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Academia Sinica, Institute of Information Science, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043359292","display_name":"Cyuan-Heng Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9669-0672"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098366","display_name":"Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica","ror":"https://ror.org/00z83z196","country_code":"TW","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098366","https://openalex.org/I84653119"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cyuan-Heng Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Academia Sinica, Institute of Information Science, Taipei, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9669-0672","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Academia Sinica, Institute of Information Science, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004099218","display_name":"Sachit Mahajan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9558-8895"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096386","display_name":"Bridge University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cbm0437","country_code":"SS","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210096386"]}],"countries":["GB","SS"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sachit Mahajan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Sociology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9558-8895","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Sociology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749","https://openalex.org/I4210096386"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100428785","display_name":"Ling\u2010Jyh Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5667-7764"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098366","display_name":"Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica","ror":"https://ror.org/00z83z196","country_code":"TW","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098366","https://openalex.org/I84653119"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ling-Jyh Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Academia Sinica, Institute of Information Science, Taipei, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5667-7764","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Academia Sinica, Institute of Information Science, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098366"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.2123,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76662909,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"12662","last_page":"12674"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12120","display_name":"Air Quality Monitoring and Forecasting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12120","display_name":"Air Quality Monitoring and Forecasting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10190","display_name":"Air Quality and Health Impacts","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10075","display_name":"Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.5785007476806641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.5677924156188965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/air-quality-index","display_name":"Air quality index","score":0.5227984189987183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/term","display_name":"Term (time)","score":0.506369948387146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.5058760046958923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/event","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","score":0.46758413314819336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crowds","display_name":"Crowds","score":0.41319894790649414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3775695860385895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.13915607333183289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.10943081974983215}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.5785007476806641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5677924156188965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126314574","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2364111","display_name":"Air quality index","level":2,"score":0.5227984189987183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.506369948387146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.5058760046958923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779662365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416694","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","level":2,"score":0.46758413314819336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777852691","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13430821","display_name":"Crowds","level":2,"score":0.41319894790649414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3775695860385895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.13915607333183289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.10943081974983215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2963341","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2963341","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/08946530.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ef50b09d75dd41fd885addca0fc8865a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ef50b09d75dd41fd885addca0fc8865a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 12662-12674 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2963341","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2963341","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/08946530.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1995757966","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOST 108-2218-E-001-002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321041","funder_display_name":"Academia Sinica"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3631365351","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOST 107-2218-E-001-006","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321041","funder_display_name":"Academia Sinica"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4930668014","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOST 105-2221-E-001-016-MY3","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321041","funder_display_name":"Academia Sinica"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321041","display_name":"Academia Sinica","ror":"https://ror.org/05bxb3784"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","ror":"https://ror.org/02kv4zf79"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2997954894.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2997954894.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W356677340","https://openalex.org/W583402496","https://openalex.org/W1968840994","https://openalex.org/W1995208841","https://openalex.org/W2012272234","https://openalex.org/W2016381774","https://openalex.org/W2031888471","https://openalex.org/W2046565506","https://openalex.org/W2049017883","https://openalex.org/W2064104409","https://openalex.org/W2064403211","https://openalex.org/W2083313513","https://openalex.org/W2086362919","https://openalex.org/W2111307099","https://openalex.org/W2112869689","https://openalex.org/W2128727570","https://openalex.org/W2138163295","https://openalex.org/W2150897391","https://openalex.org/W2159818274","https://openalex.org/W2169571015","https://openalex.org/W2178297653","https://openalex.org/W2331700789","https://openalex.org/W2402894798","https://openalex.org/W2565308315","https://openalex.org/W2607311054","https://openalex.org/W2730157627","https://openalex.org/W2748192965","https://openalex.org/W2774622456","https://openalex.org/W2786207269","https://openalex.org/W2888292082","https://openalex.org/W2890733275","https://openalex.org/W2890894642","https://openalex.org/W2893578545","https://openalex.org/W2899686524","https://openalex.org/W2907083266","https://openalex.org/W2922126023","https://openalex.org/W2922175329","https://openalex.org/W2941912752","https://openalex.org/W2942648928","https://openalex.org/W2943077230","https://openalex.org/W6680485623"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4240200267","https://openalex.org/W1511510665","https://openalex.org/W1524661185","https://openalex.org/W2078823605","https://openalex.org/W2500095415","https://openalex.org/W2097922264","https://openalex.org/W2282342021","https://openalex.org/W4233026749","https://openalex.org/W4248106174","https://openalex.org/W1997780040"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,57,71,89],"existing":[1],"forecast":[2,21,34,38,97,100,114,170,222],"models":[3,16,35],"for":[4,24,103,169],"PM2.5":[5,72],"concentration":[6],"can":[7,223],"be":[8],"classified":[9],"into":[10,93],"long":[11],"term":[12,15,33],"and":[13,40,135,159,165,180,187,196],"short":[14,32,220],"depending":[17],"on":[18,201],"whether":[19],"the":[20,25,65,86,94,104,113,120,128,139,144,151,157,176,185,208,216,227],"is":[22,62],"performed":[23],"next":[26,105],"few":[27],"hours":[28],"or":[29],"days.":[30],"However,":[31],"feature":[36],"narrow":[37],"time":[39,221],"are":[41,182],"thus":[42],"vulnerable":[43],"in":[44,50,80,133,163,175,184,226],"their":[45],"sensitivity":[46],"to":[47,63,99,119,149],"soaring":[48],"variations":[49],"air":[51,101,203],"quality,":[52],"defined":[53],"as":[54,82,116],"sudden":[55,69,121,154,211],"events.":[56,70,155],"purpose":[58],"of":[59,85,141,153,178,193,210,219],"this":[60],"work":[61],"investigate":[64],"causes":[66,152],"behind":[67],"these":[68],"data":[73,90],"were":[74,91,167],"obtained":[75],"from":[76],"monitoring":[77],"devices":[78],"deployed":[79],"Taichung":[81],"a":[83],"part":[84],"Airbox":[87],"project.":[88],"fed":[92],"current":[95],"short-term":[96],"model":[98],"quality":[102],"hour.":[106],"Event":[107],"timing":[108,130],"was":[109,147],"detected":[110],"by":[111],"feeding":[112],"result":[115,146],"an":[117],"input":[118],"event":[122],"detection":[123],"model.":[124],"We":[125],"then":[126],"combined":[127],"filtered":[129],"with":[131],"factors":[132],"environment":[134],"human":[136,190],"activities.":[137],"With":[138],"application":[140],"Hierarchy":[142],"Clustering,":[143],"clustering":[145],"analyzed":[148],"find":[150],"In":[156],"springtime":[158],"summertime,":[160],"unexpected":[161],"changes":[162,174],"rainfall":[164,179],"temperature":[166],"critical":[168],"models.":[171],"Moreover,":[172],"unanticipated":[173],"intensity":[177],"wind":[181],"important":[183],"autumn":[186],"winter.":[188],"For":[189],"activities,":[191],"crowds":[192],"commuters,":[194],"tourists,":[195],"pilgrims":[197],"also":[198],"have":[199],"influence":[200],"unusual":[202],"quality.":[204],"By":[205],"carefully":[206],"considering":[207],"effects":[209],"events,":[212],"we":[213],"believe":[214],"that":[215],"response":[217],"ability":[218],"improve":[224],"significantly":[225],"near":[228],"future.":[229]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}