{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2998092468","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2962197","title":"Conquering the Worst Case of Infections in Networks","display_name":"Conquering the Worst Case of Infections in Networks","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-12-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2998092468","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2962197","mag":"2998092468"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2962197","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2962197","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2962197","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024407448","display_name":"Wen Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4104-269X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wen Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4554-3784","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023368186","display_name":"Po\u2010Ling Loh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6514-7834"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Po-Ling Loh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, Madison, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6514-7834","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, Madison, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054987546","display_name":"Chunguo Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9217-4523"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunguo Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9217-4523","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056225611","display_name":"Yongming Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2545-2875"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongming Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3616-4616","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045457613","display_name":"L\u00fcxi Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1474-1806"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luxi Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1474-1806","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5024407448"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.4325,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.63224394,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"2835","last_page":"2846"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10064","display_name":"Complex Network Analysis Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10064","display_name":"Complex Network Analysis Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10410","display_name":"COVID-19 epidemiological studies","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2611","display_name":"Modeling and Simulation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9876000285148621,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simultaneous-perturbation-stochastic-approximation","display_name":"Simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation","score":0.8933568000793457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.7475761771202087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.632826566696167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inner-loop","display_name":"Inner loop","score":0.6151833534240723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximization","display_name":"Maximization","score":0.59914231300354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/minification","display_name":"Minification","score":0.5221127271652222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimization-problem","display_name":"Optimization problem","score":0.5080087184906006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perturbation","display_name":"Perturbation (astronomy)","score":0.42328760027885437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3228955864906311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2741900384426117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-process","display_name":"Stochastic process","score":0.19695016741752625}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779880469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084424","display_name":"Simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation","level":3,"score":0.8933568000793457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.7475761771202087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.632826566696167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58716799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6035648","display_name":"Inner loop","level":3,"score":0.6151833534240723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776330181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18358244","display_name":"Maximization","level":2,"score":0.59914231300354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147764199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6865248","display_name":"Minification","level":2,"score":0.5221127271652222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.5080087184906006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177918212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q803623","display_name":"Perturbation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.42328760027885437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3228955864906311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2741900384426117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8272713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176737","display_name":"Stochastic process","level":2,"score":0.19695016741752625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2962197","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2962197","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:90fd0f5aae6d45be9e047af8a5783e15","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/90fd0f5aae6d45be9e047af8a5783e15","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 2835-2846 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2962197","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2962197","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7599999904632568,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1184955639","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DMS-1749857","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335353","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3630466707","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U1936201","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3818680084","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"201706090055","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","funder_display_name":"China Scholarship Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8475670238","display_name":"\u6df1\u5ea6\u5b66\u4e60\u8f85\u52a9\u7684\u667a\u80fd\u65e0\u7ebf\u901a\u4fe1\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61971128","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","display_name":"China Scholarship Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04atp4p48"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335353","display_name":"National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka","ror":"https://ror.org/010xaa060"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W359561291","https://openalex.org/W1854214752","https://openalex.org/W1984069252","https://openalex.org/W2014441923","https://openalex.org/W2024991751","https://openalex.org/W2061820396","https://openalex.org/W2073415627","https://openalex.org/W2081989804","https://openalex.org/W2086916865","https://openalex.org/W2096423888","https://openalex.org/W2101409192","https://openalex.org/W2108858998","https://openalex.org/W2124659975","https://openalex.org/W2128452997","https://openalex.org/W2141403143","https://openalex.org/W2146973119","https://openalex.org/W2155461593","https://openalex.org/W2160411082","https://openalex.org/W2166470254","https://openalex.org/W2171074980","https://openalex.org/W2185894252","https://openalex.org/W2406772186","https://openalex.org/W2407573058","https://openalex.org/W2472664708","https://openalex.org/W2526317073","https://openalex.org/W2551251609","https://openalex.org/W2773234771","https://openalex.org/W2792990871","https://openalex.org/W2855007149","https://openalex.org/W2885971336","https://openalex.org/W2944539301","https://openalex.org/W4243828423","https://openalex.org/W4300809402","https://openalex.org/W4301014524","https://openalex.org/W6639055396","https://openalex.org/W6671318683","https://openalex.org/W6683180375","https://openalex.org/W6727221898","https://openalex.org/W6730172473"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2900864464","https://openalex.org/W2475480881","https://openalex.org/W2121723556","https://openalex.org/W54727051","https://openalex.org/W2783639087","https://openalex.org/W2155956102","https://openalex.org/W2390244926","https://openalex.org/W2112820851","https://openalex.org/W2077098522","https://openalex.org/W4239446003"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,25,50,103,171],"develop":[1],"algorithms":[2,189],"to":[3,20,32,46,62,94,112,138],"control":[4],"the":[5,23,28,42,48,63,68,71,76,89,95,114,119,127,140,144,149,184],"scope":[6],"of":[7,22,44,65,70,88,143,187],"an":[8,33],"infection":[9,29],"spread":[10],"on":[11,174],"a":[12,16,55,79,132,156,164],"network":[13],"by":[14,40,116],"allocating":[15],"fixed":[17],"immunization":[18],"budget":[19],"edges":[21,45],"graph.":[24],"assume":[26],"that":[27],"propagates":[30],"according":[31],"independent":[34],"cascade":[35],"model":[36],"and":[37,67,109,122,163,177,182,190],"interventions":[38,66],"operate":[39],"reducing":[41],"propensities":[43],"transmit":[47],"infection.":[49],"formulate":[51],"this":[52],"problem":[53,59],"as":[54],"constrained":[56],"min-max":[57],"optimization":[58,84,108,111],"with":[60,92],"respect":[61,93],"placements":[64],"location":[69],"worst-case":[72],"seed":[73,141],"nodes.":[74],"However,":[75],"result":[77],"is":[78],"challenging":[80],"bilevel":[81],"mixed":[82],"integer":[83],"problem.":[85,147],"Furthermore,":[86],"gradients":[87],"objective":[90,115],"function":[91],"continuous":[96],"variables":[97],"are":[98],"unavailable":[99],"in":[100],"closed":[101],"form.":[102],"employ":[104],"tools":[105],"from":[106],"derivative-free":[107],"stochastic":[110,167],"optimize":[113],"iterating":[117],"between":[118],"outer":[120,150],"minimization":[121],"inner":[123,128],"maximization":[124,146],"problems.":[125],"In":[126,148],"loop,":[129,151],"we":[130,152],"use":[131],"weighted":[133],"degree":[134],"discount":[135],"(WDD)":[136],"method":[137],"select":[139],"set":[142],"influence":[145],"utilize":[153],"two":[154],"methods:":[155],"sample-based":[157],"simultaneous":[158,165],"perturbation":[159,166],"Nelder-Mead":[160],"(SBSP-NM)":[161],"algorithm":[162],"approximation":[168],"(SPSA)":[169],"algorithm.":[170],"perform":[172],"simulations":[173],"synthetic":[175],"graphs":[176],"three":[178],"larger-scale":[179],"real-world":[180],"datasets":[181],"illustrate":[183],"computational":[185],"feasibility":[186],"our":[188],"their":[191],"efficacy":[192],"at":[193],"controlling":[194],"epidemic":[195],"spreads.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-06T09:05:17.133730","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
