{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2997008506","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2961997","title":"I-HMM-Based Multidimensional Network Security Risk Assessment","display_name":"I-HMM-Based Multidimensional Network Security Risk Assessment","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-12-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2997008506","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2961997","mag":"2997008506"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2961997","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2961997","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/08941077.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/08941077.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103168713","display_name":"Jingjing Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3220-621X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingjing Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3220-621X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100645595","display_name":"Shuangshuang Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9971-1037"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuangshuang Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9971-1037","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053431750","display_name":"Xiaohui Kuang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3816-402X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaohui Kuang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Information System Security, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3816-402X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Information System Security, Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023445754","display_name":"Fankun Meng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2465-743X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fankun Meng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2465-743X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055074180","display_name":"Dongsheng Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1740-3319"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongsheng Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1740-3319","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081456327","display_name":"Zhiyu Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2732-6249"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiyu Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2732-6249","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.244,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82366694,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"1431","last_page":"1442"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8081223964691162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-markov-model","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","score":0.6969015002250671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-security","display_name":"Network security","score":0.6095096468925476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-assessment","display_name":"Risk assessment","score":0.5972211360931396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.5115821957588196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4840382933616638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.4451286196708679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3839462399482727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.29009097814559937}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8081223964691162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.6969015002250671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182590292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989632","display_name":"Network security","level":2,"score":0.6095096468925476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12174686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438","display_name":"Risk assessment","level":2,"score":0.5972211360931396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5115821957588196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4840382933616638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.4451286196708679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3839462399482727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.29009097814559937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2961997","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2961997","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/08941077.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:fe0c4ee1a0f047a6994a8e81b43f6d80","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/fe0c4ee1a0f047a6994a8e81b43f6d80","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 1431-1442 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2961997","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2961997","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/08941077.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.5400000214576721}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5004432382","display_name":"\u9ad8\u53ef\u4fe1Web\u670d\u52a1\u7ec4\u5408\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61772070","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2997008506.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2997008506.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1856750239","https://openalex.org/W2080765376","https://openalex.org/W2114337635","https://openalex.org/W2162572433","https://openalex.org/W2170018742","https://openalex.org/W2503592087","https://openalex.org/W2540975551","https://openalex.org/W2574022511","https://openalex.org/W2608093196","https://openalex.org/W2608464414","https://openalex.org/W2614100508","https://openalex.org/W2616768260","https://openalex.org/W2772871960","https://openalex.org/W2781963316","https://openalex.org/W2789264846","https://openalex.org/W2790975052","https://openalex.org/W2791853684","https://openalex.org/W2792300024","https://openalex.org/W2792571124","https://openalex.org/W2792913437","https://openalex.org/W2794376943","https://openalex.org/W2795187396","https://openalex.org/W2810651661","https://openalex.org/W2811132259","https://openalex.org/W2814329861","https://openalex.org/W2888916371","https://openalex.org/W2889279182","https://openalex.org/W2890848293","https://openalex.org/W2898762959","https://openalex.org/W2901178374","https://openalex.org/W2904709992","https://openalex.org/W2910143551","https://openalex.org/W2928294389","https://openalex.org/W2930249865","https://openalex.org/W2947261612","https://openalex.org/W2948487788","https://openalex.org/W2955415771","https://openalex.org/W2973442392","https://openalex.org/W6729077344"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2364370872","https://openalex.org/W2053269318","https://openalex.org/W2025614924","https://openalex.org/W2294335174","https://openalex.org/W2097963413","https://openalex.org/W2995886640","https://openalex.org/W1591475660","https://openalex.org/W2001275470","https://openalex.org/W3145575561","https://openalex.org/W2164162849"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cyber-physical":[0],"systems":[1],"(CPS)":[2],"are":[3],"vulnerable":[4],"to":[5,121,165,229],"network":[6,13,25,35,57,124,162,197],"attacks":[7],"because":[8],"communication":[9],"relies":[10],"on":[11,203],"the":[12,16,20,40,43,46,72,87,106,110,123,133,139,143,154,159,167,172,180,189,193,204,209,221,230],"that":[14,61,179,187,225],"links":[15],"various":[17],"components":[18],"in":[19,93,213],"CPS.":[21],"The":[22,145,175,195],"importance":[23],"of":[24,42,132,135,142,152,161,171,192,223],"security":[26,36,58,89,125,190,198,210],"is":[27,91],"self-evident.":[28],"In":[29,109],"this":[30],"study,":[31],"we":[32,49,76,114],"conduct":[33],"a":[34,51,55,78,116,129,148,214],"risk":[37,59,66,69,73,111,173,199,211,224],"assessment":[38,60,200],"from":[39],"perspectives":[41],"host":[44],"and":[45,48,68,100,102,137,169,216,219],"network,":[47],"propose":[50,77],"new":[52,130],"framework":[53],"for":[54,83],"multidimensional":[56,79],"includes":[62],"two":[63],"stages,":[64],"i.e.,":[65,96],"identification":[67,74],"calculation.":[70],"For":[71],"stage,":[75,113],"hierarchical":[80],"index":[81,182],"system":[82,183],"assessing":[84],"cybersecurity":[85],"risk;":[86],"system's":[88],"status":[90,191,212],"determined":[92],"three":[94],"dimensions,":[95],"basic":[97],"operation,":[98],"vulnerabilities,":[99],"threats,":[101],"these":[103],"dimensions":[104],"guide":[105],"data":[107,186],"collection.":[108],"calculation":[112],"use":[115],"hidden":[117],"Markov":[118],"model":[119,146],"(HMM)":[120],"assess":[122],"risk.":[126],"We":[127,157],"provide":[128],"definition":[131],"quality":[134],"alert":[136],"optimize":[138],"observation":[140],"sequence":[141],"HMM.":[144],"uses":[147],"learning":[149],"algorithm":[150],"instead":[151],"setting":[153],"parameters":[155],"manually.":[156],"introduce":[158],"concept":[160],"node":[163],"association":[164],"increase":[166],"reliability":[168],"accuracy":[170],"assessment.":[174],"simulation":[176],"results":[177],"show":[178],"proposed":[181,196],"provides":[184],"quantitative":[185],"reflect":[188],"network.":[194,231],"method":[201],"based":[202],"improved":[205],"HMM":[206],"(I-HMM)":[207],"reflects":[208],"timely":[215],"intuitive":[217],"manner":[218],"detects":[220],"degree":[222],"different":[226],"hosts":[227],"pose":[228]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
