{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2996886713","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2961939","title":"Indoor Real-Time 3-D Visible Light Positioning System Using Fingerprinting and Extreme Learning Machine","display_name":"Indoor Real-Time 3-D Visible Light Positioning System Using Fingerprinting and Extreme Learning Machine","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-12-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2996886713","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2961939","mag":"2996886713"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2961939","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2961939","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/08941046.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/08941046.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101534540","display_name":"Yirong Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0207-0067"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yirong Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0207-0067","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048275767","display_name":"Weipeng Guan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4518-7852"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weipeng Guan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0734-0636","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100399427","display_name":"Jingyi Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8901-7279"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingyi Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8901-7279","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050036714","display_name":"Hongzhan Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4916-3295"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongzhan Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4916-3295","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":3.386,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":65,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93105096,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"13875","last_page":"13886"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7709105610847473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extreme-learning-machine","display_name":"Extreme learning machine","score":0.7396919131278992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/positioning-system","display_name":"Positioning system","score":0.731590747833252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indoor-positioning-system","display_name":"Indoor positioning system","score":0.6900834441184998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fingerprint","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","score":0.6486319899559021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.6297661066055298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5529881119728088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/positioning-technology","display_name":"Positioning technology","score":0.5526554584503174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.5106523633003235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.507335364818573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visible-light-communication","display_name":"Visible light communication","score":0.5064393281936646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.4585511386394501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hybrid-positioning-system","display_name":"Hybrid positioning system","score":0.44817930459976196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fingerprint-recognition","display_name":"Fingerprint recognition","score":0.4459307789802551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4451158940792084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.42956700921058655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/light-emitting-diode","display_name":"Light-emitting diode","score":0.15707078576087952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.14441508054733276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10155913233757019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.07984870672225952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.07554870843887329}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7709105610847473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780150128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21948731","display_name":"Extreme learning machine","level":3,"score":0.7396919131278992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778603505","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141406","display_name":"Positioning system","level":3,"score":0.731590747833252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777486483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6026477","display_name":"Indoor positioning system","level":3,"score":0.6900834441184998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777826928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3745713","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6486319899559021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.6297661066055298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5529881119728088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778075934","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141406","display_name":"Positioning technology","level":2,"score":0.5526554584503174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.5106523633003235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.507335364818573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160487672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1426313","display_name":"Visible light communication","level":3,"score":0.5064393281936646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.4585511386394501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187394410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141406","display_name":"Hybrid positioning system","level":4,"score":0.44817930459976196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168406668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178022","display_name":"Fingerprint recognition","level":3,"score":0.4459307789802551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4451158940792084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.42956700921058655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176666156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25504","display_name":"Light-emitting diode","level":2,"score":0.15707078576087952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.14441508054733276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10155913233757019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.07984870672225952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07554870843887329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89805583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192940","display_name":"Accelerometer","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2961939","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2961939","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/08941046.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f8b70911c45241c798dfbfa215ae5c16","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f8b70911c45241c798dfbfa215ae5c16","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 13875-13886 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2961939","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2961939","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/08941046.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2996886713.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2996886713.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1999849403","https://openalex.org/W2011831153","https://openalex.org/W2026131661","https://openalex.org/W2043009412","https://openalex.org/W2044582942","https://openalex.org/W2100131440","https://openalex.org/W2100303002","https://openalex.org/W2104128006","https://openalex.org/W2109603334","https://openalex.org/W2111072639","https://openalex.org/W2124945426","https://openalex.org/W2130378394","https://openalex.org/W2134603844","https://openalex.org/W2144644352","https://openalex.org/W2172860135","https://openalex.org/W2557998141","https://openalex.org/W2756610256","https://openalex.org/W2768296674","https://openalex.org/W2768361931","https://openalex.org/W2768910390","https://openalex.org/W2773033597","https://openalex.org/W2780197004","https://openalex.org/W2789608232","https://openalex.org/W2794494292","https://openalex.org/W2801253293","https://openalex.org/W2807844355","https://openalex.org/W2888846442","https://openalex.org/W2905257391","https://openalex.org/W6676685727","https://openalex.org/W6679935922","https://openalex.org/W6754016118"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W189713034","https://openalex.org/W4382175670","https://openalex.org/W4387677619","https://openalex.org/W1926767291","https://openalex.org/W2306569468","https://openalex.org/W2516568351","https://openalex.org/W2403864116","https://openalex.org/W2903896792","https://openalex.org/W4318602911","https://openalex.org/W1992168158"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Photodiode-based":[0],"(PD-based)":[1],"visible":[2,35,95],"light":[3,36,96],"positioning":[4,13,25,37,56,70,86,91,97,134],"(VLP)":[5],"has":[6],"become":[7],"a":[8,102],"research":[9],"focus":[10],"of":[11,27,108,146],"indoor":[12,32,151],"technology,":[14],"while":[15],"the":[16,22,50,69,80,84,89,94,106,109,115,120,123,128,147],"existing":[17],"VLP":[18],"models":[19],"rarely":[20],"consider":[21],"anti-interference":[23,60],"and":[24,41,58,88,112,122],"time":[26,117],"that.":[28],"In":[29,66],"this":[30,139],"paper,":[31],"real-time":[33,64,132],"three-dimensional":[34],"system":[38,51,71,82,130],"using":[39],"fingerprinting":[40],"extreme":[42],"learning":[43],"machine":[44],"(ELM)":[45],"is":[46,99],"proposed":[47,81,100,129],"to":[48,68,104],"make":[49],"achieve":[52],"not":[53],"only":[54],"high":[55,136],"accuracy":[57,87],"elevated":[59],"but":[61],"also":[62],"well-behaved":[63],"ability.":[65],"contrast":[67],"based":[72],"on":[73],"K-Nearest":[74],"Neighbor":[75],"or":[76],"Support":[77],"Vector":[78],"Machine,":[79],"achieves":[83,131],"highest":[85],"state-of-the-art":[90],"speed.":[92],"Furthermore,":[93],"kernel":[98],"as":[101,144],"method":[103],"reduce":[105,114],"size":[107],"fingerprint":[110],"database":[111],"thus":[113],"training":[116],"exponentially.":[118],"Both":[119],"simulation":[121],"experiment":[124],"results":[125],"show":[126],"that":[127],"3-D":[133,152],"with":[135],"anti-interference.":[137],"Therefore,":[138],"scheme":[140],"can":[141],"be":[142],"considered":[143],"one":[145],"effective":[148],"methods":[149],"for":[150],"positioning.":[153]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
