{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2996963579","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2961609","title":"Efficient Non-Linear Covert Channel Detection in TCP Data Streams","display_name":"Efficient Non-Linear Covert Channel Detection in TCP Data Streams","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-12-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2996963579","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2961609","mag":"2996963579"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2961609","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2961609","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/08943198.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/08943198.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060157623","display_name":"Hanaa Nafea","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3856-5712"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23075662","display_name":"Taibah University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xv1nn60","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23075662"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63098007","display_name":"Liverpool John Moores University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zfme737","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"]}],"countries":["GB","SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hanaa Nafea","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Science and Engineering, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia","Department of Computer Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3856-5712","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Science and Engineering, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23075662"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106182605","display_name":"Kashif Kifayat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5088-0825"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I899713450","display_name":"Air University","ror":"https://ror.org/03yfe9v83","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I899713450"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kashif Kifayat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cyber Security, Air University, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cyber Security, Air University, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I899713450"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061698636","display_name":"Qi Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3766-7808"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63098007","display_name":"Liverpool John Moores University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zfme737","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qi Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047704023","display_name":"Kashif Naseer Qureshi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3045-8402"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59225215","display_name":"Bahria University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v8d7770","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59225215"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kashif Naseer Qureshi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59225215"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083333055","display_name":"Bob Askwith","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63098007","display_name":"Liverpool John Moores University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zfme737","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bob Askwith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.4876,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84878602,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"1680","last_page":"1690"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8516812324523926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-positive-paradox","display_name":"False positive paradox","score":0.6706710457801819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert","display_name":"Covert","score":0.574619710445404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.5456796288490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-stream-mining","display_name":"Data stream mining","score":0.523554265499115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/strengths-and-weaknesses","display_name":"Strengths and weaknesses","score":0.48463043570518494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.4348643720149994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert-channel","display_name":"Covert channel","score":0.43158793449401855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.42942190170288086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.33802443742752075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.19050419330596924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.10451123118400574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8516812324523926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64869954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1859747","display_name":"False positive paradox","level":2,"score":0.6706710457801819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779338814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5179285","display_name":"Covert","level":2,"score":0.574619710445404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.5456796288490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89198739","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3079880","display_name":"Data stream mining","level":2,"score":0.523554265499115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63882131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17122954","display_name":"Strengths and weaknesses","level":2,"score":0.48463043570518494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.4348643720149994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29024540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1476964","display_name":"Covert channel","level":5,"score":0.43158793449401855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.42942190170288086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.33802443742752075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.19050419330596924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.10451123118400574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103377522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3493999","display_name":"Security information and event management","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184842701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370563","display_name":"Cloud computing security","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2961609","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2961609","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/08943198.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk:12075","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/12075/1/Covert%20Channel%20Detection-Accepted%20Version.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401246","display_name":"Liverpool John Moores University","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I63098007","host_organization_name":"Liverpool John Moores University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:bfe172c7f5f84331bb4298b9c2fcfbeb","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/bfe172c7f5f84331bb4298b9c2fcfbeb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 1680-1690 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2961609","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2961609","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/08943198.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6399999856948853,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321161","display_name":"Taibah University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xv1nn60"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2996963579.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2996963579.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1549386224","https://openalex.org/W1550189296","https://openalex.org/W2036068512","https://openalex.org/W2342787301","https://openalex.org/W2419595019","https://openalex.org/W2564234073","https://openalex.org/W2600677615","https://openalex.org/W2761525350","https://openalex.org/W2791342444","https://openalex.org/W2793647790","https://openalex.org/W2885826280","https://openalex.org/W2886812876","https://openalex.org/W2890297213","https://openalex.org/W2897812612","https://openalex.org/W2899813301","https://openalex.org/W2951498981","https://openalex.org/W2963250001","https://openalex.org/W2963675556","https://openalex.org/W2967076903","https://openalex.org/W3141368574","https://openalex.org/W4288345394","https://openalex.org/W6687729679","https://openalex.org/W6753659789","https://openalex.org/W6904013970"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2409612194","https://openalex.org/W4224042389","https://openalex.org/W1568579691","https://openalex.org/W20460883","https://openalex.org/W174282171","https://openalex.org/W1587013156","https://openalex.org/W4239080508","https://openalex.org/W2326198059","https://openalex.org/W4319780484","https://openalex.org/W165152124"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cyber-attacks":[0],"are":[1,26,66,208],"causing":[2],"losses":[3],"amounted":[4],"to":[5,12,48,146,179,198],"billions":[6],"of":[7,34,60,86,100,114,131,192,226],"dollars":[8],"every":[9,91],"year":[10],"due":[11,47],"data":[13,21,88,127,139,162,182],"breaches":[14],"and":[15,24,69,129,166,218,228],"Vulnerabilities.":[16],"The":[17,64,189],"existing":[18,61,222],"tools":[19],"for":[20,41,136,141,185],"leakage":[22],"prevention":[23],"detection":[25,62],"often":[27],"bypassed":[28],"by":[29,55],"using":[30],"various":[31,221],"different":[32],"types":[33],"sophisticated":[35],"techniques":[36,223],"such":[37,120,159],"as":[38,73,75,121,124,126,160],"network":[39],"steganography":[40],"stealing":[42],"the":[43,84,98,118,138,211],"data.":[44,143,188],"This":[45,169],"is":[46,103,111,195],"several":[49],"weaknesses":[50,65],"which":[51,105],"can":[52],"be":[53],"exploited":[54],"a":[56,112,115,132,153,173],"threat":[57],"actor":[58],"in":[59,90,93,224],"systems.":[63],"high":[67,104],"time":[68],"memory":[70],"training":[71,77],"complexities":[72],"well":[74,125],"large":[76],"datasets.":[78],"These":[79],"challenges":[80],"become":[81],"worse":[82],"when":[83],"amount":[85],"generated":[87],"increasing":[89],"second":[92],"many":[94],"realms.":[95],"In":[96,144],"addition,":[97],"number":[99],"false":[101,216],"positives":[102,217],"make":[106],"them":[107],"inaccurate.":[108],"Finally,":[109],"there":[110],"lack":[113],"framework":[116,155,213],"catering":[117],"needs":[119],"raising":[122],"alerts":[123],"monitoring":[128],"updating/adapting":[130],"threshold":[133,164],"value":[134],"used":[135],"checking":[137],"packets":[140],"covert":[142,181],"order":[145],"overcome":[147],"these":[148],"weaknesses,":[149],"this":[150],"paper":[151,170],"proposes":[152,172],"novel":[154],"that":[156,210],"includes":[157],"elements":[158],"continuous":[161],"monitoring,":[163],"maintenance,":[165],"alert":[167],"notification.":[168],"also":[171],"model":[174,194],"based":[175],"on":[176],"statistical":[177],"measures":[178],"detects":[180],"leakages,":[183],"especially":[184],"non-linear":[186],"chaotic":[187],"main":[190],"advantage":[191],"proposed":[193,212],"its":[196],"capability":[197],"provide":[199],"results":[200],"with":[201],"tolerance/threshold":[202],"values":[203],"much":[204],"more":[205],"efficiently.":[206],"Experiment":[207],"indicated":[209],"has":[214],"low":[215],"outperforms":[219],"over":[220],"terms":[225],"accuracy":[227],"efficiency.":[229]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}