{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2994891305","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2960286","title":"Impact of Imperfect Angle Estimation on Spatial and Directional Modulation","display_name":"Impact of Imperfect Angle Estimation on Spatial and Directional Modulation","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-12-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2994891305","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2960286","mag":"2994891305"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2960286","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2960286","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/08935335.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/08935335.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004789869","display_name":"Hongyan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6767-5075"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongyan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Communications, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6767-5075","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Communications, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100701341","display_name":"Yue Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2127-8947"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yue Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Communications, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2127-8947","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Communications, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101685136","display_name":"Yanping Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7165-9799"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanping Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Communications, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7165-9799","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Communications, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100389005","display_name":"Wei Xiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0608-065X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86467917","display_name":"James Cook University","ror":"https://ror.org/04gsp2c11","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86467917"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Xiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0608-065X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86467917"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.7006,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71896099,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"7081","last_page":"7092"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.7120380401611328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6561876535415649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/imperfect","display_name":"Imperfect","score":0.5319370031356812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.5314993262290955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-to-noise-ratio","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","score":0.5189390182495117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bit-error-rate","display_name":"Bit error rate","score":0.48487815260887146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.4722824990749359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4588085412979126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ergodic-theory","display_name":"Ergodic theory","score":0.4468270540237427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-modulation","display_name":"Spatial modulation","score":0.4191577434539795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.35170304775238037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.3328999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.20736435055732727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.2054208517074585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.16351547837257385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.12986749410629272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.08857366442680359}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.7120380401611328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6561876535415649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780310539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12547192","display_name":"Imperfect","level":2,"score":0.5319370031356812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.5314993262290955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.5189390182495117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56296756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840922","display_name":"Bit error rate","level":3,"score":0.48487815260887146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.4722824990749359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4588085412979126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122044880","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5498822","display_name":"Ergodic theory","level":2,"score":0.4468270540237427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019745063","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107304836","display_name":"Spatial modulation","level":4,"score":0.4191577434539795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.35170304775238037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.3328999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.20736435055732727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.2054208517074585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.16351547837257385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.12986749410629272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.08857366442680359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2960286","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2960286","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/08935335.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:researchonline.jcu.edu.au:63021","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/63021/1/Zhang2020.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196350","display_name":"ResearchOnline - JCU (James Cook University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I86467917","host_organization_name":"James Cook University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86467917"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8b51ee3852cc473196b56093ac534f1a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8b51ee3852cc473196b56093ac534f1a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 7081-7092 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2960286","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2960286","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/08935335.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.46000000834465027,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3430537788","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018HH0138","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333335","funder_display_name":"Sichuan Province Science and Technology Support Program"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4010533025","display_name":"\u652f\u6301\u7a00\u758f\u5c04\u9891\u94fe\u7684\u5e7f\u4e49\u7a7a\u95f4\u8c03\u5236\u5927\u89c4\u6a21MIMO\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61671131","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8396759034","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZYGX2018J092","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333335","display_name":"Sichuan Province Science and Technology Support Program","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1493373313","https://openalex.org/W1517417638","https://openalex.org/W1971370354","https://openalex.org/W1978572848","https://openalex.org/W1985192660","https://openalex.org/W2009458714","https://openalex.org/W2015245354","https://openalex.org/W2024285340","https://openalex.org/W2037813469","https://openalex.org/W2058000604","https://openalex.org/W2096236228","https://openalex.org/W2103063389","https://openalex.org/W2132033918","https://openalex.org/W2135998883","https://openalex.org/W2141682101","https://openalex.org/W2142143226","https://openalex.org/W2156214717","https://openalex.org/W2168233017","https://openalex.org/W2286924897","https://openalex.org/W2295559644","https://openalex.org/W2310394657","https://openalex.org/W2327622231","https://openalex.org/W2330040883","https://openalex.org/W2529048811","https://openalex.org/W2578975026","https://openalex.org/W2609148091","https://openalex.org/W2777181562","https://openalex.org/W2784975336","https://openalex.org/W2791547969","https://openalex.org/W2793975237","https://openalex.org/W2794795301","https://openalex.org/W2809620981","https://openalex.org/W2883587631","https://openalex.org/W2900989188","https://openalex.org/W2935806051","https://openalex.org/W2936483443","https://openalex.org/W2963616899","https://openalex.org/W2965824823","https://openalex.org/W4256217385","https://openalex.org/W6695795191","https://openalex.org/W6748337761","https://openalex.org/W6749861987"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2390585021","https://openalex.org/W412641959","https://openalex.org/W50969306","https://openalex.org/W4292101436","https://openalex.org/W2341040961","https://openalex.org/W4287207389","https://openalex.org/W4387546583","https://openalex.org/W2896012004","https://openalex.org/W1569600795","https://openalex.org/W2157961036"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,29,75],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3],"investigate":[4],"the":[5,21,34,46,54,60,68,77,92,100,108,111,121,130,134,140,145,149],"impact":[6],"of":[7,25,147],"imperfect":[8],"angle":[9],"estimation":[10],"(IAE)":[11],"on":[12,53],"spatial":[13],"and":[14,48,57,71,113,137],"directional":[15],"modulation":[16],"(SDM)":[17],"systems,":[18],"assuming":[19],"that":[20,91,107],"signal":[22],"experiences":[23],"line":[24],"sight":[26],"(LoS)":[27],"propagation.":[28],"SDM":[30,150],"systems":[31],"with":[32,83,120],"IAE,":[33,148],"variation":[35],"is":[36,42,80],"analyzed":[37],"in":[38,98,123],"detail,":[39],"when":[40],"there":[41],"a":[43,159],"mismatch":[44,109],"between":[45,110],"beamforming":[47,112],"precise":[49,114],"channel":[50,115],"matrices.":[51],"Based":[52],"union":[55],"bound":[56],"statistics":[58],"theory,":[59],"average":[61],"bit":[62],"error":[63,126],"probabilities":[64],"(ABEPs)":[65],"for":[66,132],"both":[67,133],"legitimate":[69,135],"user":[70,136],"eavesdropper":[72],"are":[73,87,96],"derived.":[74],"addition,":[76],"ergodic":[78,161],"rate":[79],"also":[81,105],"quantified":[82],"IAE.":[84],"Simulation":[85],"results":[86],"presented":[88],"to":[89,144,157],"show":[90,106],"achieved":[93],"theoretical":[94],"ABEPs":[95],"useful":[97],"quantifying":[99],"potential":[101],"performance":[102],"penalty.":[103],"We":[104],"matrices":[116],"will":[117],"become":[118],"greater":[119],"increase":[122],"direction":[124],"measurement":[125],"(DME),":[127],"which":[128],"affects":[129],"detection":[131],"eavesdropper.":[138],"On":[139],"other":[141],"hand,":[142],"due":[143],"effect":[146],"requires":[151],"more":[152],"signal-to-noise":[153],"ratio":[154],"(SNR)":[155],"gain":[156],"achieve":[158],"stable":[160],"secrecy":[162],"rate.":[163]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-19T21:40:30.786675","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}