{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2995253144","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2960263","title":"Hierarchical Data Augmentation and the Application in Text Classification","display_name":"Hierarchical Data Augmentation and the Application in Text Classification","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2995253144","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2960263","mag":"2995253144"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2960263","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2960263","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08935169.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08935169.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101727746","display_name":"Shujuan Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9738-7066"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shujuan Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9738-7066","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100384181","display_name":"Jie Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0331-6484"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0331-6484","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003305950","display_name":"Danlei Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3126-2970"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Danlei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3126-2970","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007688305","display_name":"Runqi Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8328-4763"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Runqi Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8328-4763","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100734212","display_name":"Yun Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6757-6838"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yun Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6757-6838","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103250216","display_name":"Shengmei Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3404-1199"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shengmei Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3404-1199","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.3938,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91212515,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"185476","last_page":"185485"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11550","display_name":"Text and Document Classification Technologies","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8220952749252319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentence","display_name":"Sentence","score":0.6938279867172241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.6275003552436829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5810019969940186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.5617924332618713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.48864513635635376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training-set","display_name":"Training set","score":0.4846971035003662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-set","display_name":"Data set","score":0.4760798513889313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-driven","display_name":"Data-driven","score":0.4538820683956146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hierarchical-database-model","display_name":"Hierarchical database model","score":0.4482564330101013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.2328149974346161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08546340465545654}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8220952749252319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777530160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796","display_name":"Sentence","level":2,"score":0.6938279867172241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.6275003552436829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5810019969940186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.5617924332618713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.48864513635635376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.4846971035003662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58489278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172284","display_name":"Data set","level":2,"score":0.4760798513889313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780440489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227278","display_name":"Data-driven","level":2,"score":0.4538820683956146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144986985","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q871236","display_name":"Hierarchical database model","level":2,"score":0.4482564330101013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2328149974346161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08546340465545654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2960263","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2960263","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08935169.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ac2b6ad969be4e839122d911b714c192","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ac2b6ad969be4e839122d911b714c192","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 185476-185485 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2960263","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2960263","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08935169.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8100000023841858}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6516375005","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u6df1\u5ea6\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u79fb\u4f4dMIMO\u201c\u9b3c\"\u6210\u50cf\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61871234","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2995253144.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2995253144.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1544827683","https://openalex.org/W1709548961","https://openalex.org/W1959608418","https://openalex.org/W2099471712","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2133564696","https://openalex.org/W2142972908","https://openalex.org/W2143612262","https://openalex.org/W2147489358","https://openalex.org/W2170240176","https://openalex.org/W2251658415","https://openalex.org/W2265846598","https://openalex.org/W2470673105","https://openalex.org/W2493916176","https://openalex.org/W2610850660","https://openalex.org/W2786273134","https://openalex.org/W2889326796","https://openalex.org/W2914913241","https://openalex.org/W2924902521","https://openalex.org/W2949194345","https://openalex.org/W2949615363","https://openalex.org/W2950621961","https://openalex.org/W2962369866","https://openalex.org/W2963012544","https://openalex.org/W2963216553","https://openalex.org/W2963430447","https://openalex.org/W2963545917","https://openalex.org/W2963600562","https://openalex.org/W2964084166","https://openalex.org/W2964121744","https://openalex.org/W2964222296","https://openalex.org/W2964308564","https://openalex.org/W2971296908","https://openalex.org/W3098341425","https://openalex.org/W3103398325","https://openalex.org/W3104467951","https://openalex.org/W4320013936","https://openalex.org/W6626481562","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6632455782","https://openalex.org/W6637616945","https://openalex.org/W6640963894","https://openalex.org/W6679434410","https://openalex.org/W6682005813","https://openalex.org/W6685053522","https://openalex.org/W6693505360","https://openalex.org/W6723250868","https://openalex.org/W6734716764","https://openalex.org/W6741121127","https://openalex.org/W6760732026","https://openalex.org/W6765939562"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2375873920","https://openalex.org/W2146114872","https://openalex.org/W2392060890","https://openalex.org/W2392760275","https://openalex.org/W2786391746","https://openalex.org/W4381430104","https://openalex.org/W2995102745","https://openalex.org/W4226059458","https://openalex.org/W2914559142","https://openalex.org/W1990237101"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,173],"applications":[1],"of":[2,36,72,96,112,132,148,161,221],"data":[3,52,73],"augmentation":[4,53,74],"in":[5,75,115,141],"natural":[6],"language":[7],"processing":[8],"have":[9],"been":[10],"limited.":[11],"In":[12],"this":[13],"paper,":[14],"we":[15,99,144,165],"propose":[16],"a":[17,41,46,50,69,101],"novel":[18],"method":[19,71],"named":[20],"Hierarchical":[21,103],"Data":[22],"Augmentation":[23],"(HDA)":[24],"which":[25,122],"applied":[26],"for":[27,218],"text":[28],"classification.":[29],"Firstly,":[30],"inspired":[31,65],"by":[32,55,66,138],"the":[33,67,128,198,203,219],"hierarchical":[34,51],"structure":[35],"texts,":[37],"as":[38,94],"words":[39],"form":[40,45],"sentence":[42,61],"and":[43,60,134,152,164,180,187,208,210],"sentences":[44],"document,":[47],"HDA":[48,82,176,201],"implements":[49],"strategy":[54],"augmenting":[56,80],"texts":[57,92,214],"at":[58,78,118,184,215],"word-level":[59],"level":[62],"respectively.":[63],"Secondly,":[64],"cropping,":[68],"popular":[70],"computer":[76],"vision,":[77],"each":[79],"level,":[81],"utilizes":[83],"attention":[84,110],"mechanism":[85],"to":[86,108,126],"distill":[87],"(crop)":[88],"important":[89,130],"contents":[90],"from":[91],"hierarchically":[93],"summaries":[95],"texts.":[97],"Specifically,":[98],"use":[100],"trained":[102],"Attention":[104],"Networks":[105],"(HAN)":[106],"model":[107],"obtain":[109,193],"values":[111],"all":[113],"documents":[114],"training":[116,156,171],"sets":[117],"both":[119,185,205],"levels":[120,147,217],"respectively,":[121],"are":[123],"further":[124],"used":[125],"extract":[127],"most":[129],"part":[131],"words/sentences":[133],"generate":[135,178],"new":[136,170],"samples":[137,163,183,191],"concatenating":[139],"them":[140],"order.":[142],"Then":[143],"gain":[145],"two":[146,216],"augmented":[149,182],"datasets,":[150],"WordSet":[151],"SentSet.":[153],"Finally,":[154],"extending":[155],"set":[157],"with":[158,169,197],"certain":[159],"amount":[160],"HDA-generated":[162],"evaluate":[166],"models'":[167],"performance":[168],"set.":[172],"results":[174],"reveal":[175],"can":[177,192,212],"massive":[179],"high-quality":[181],"levels,":[186],"models":[188],"using":[189],"these":[190],"significant":[194],"improvements.":[195],"Compared":[196],"existing":[199],"methods,":[200],"enjoys":[202],"simplicity":[204],"on":[206],"theory":[207],"implementation,":[209],"it":[211],"augment":[213],"diversity":[220],"data.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-21T08:15:58.654021","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}