{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2996209442","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2959440","title":"Hierarchical Multi-Beam Search Based ChannelEstimation for Millimeter-Wave Massive MIMO Systems","display_name":"Hierarchical Multi-Beam Search Based ChannelEstimation for Millimeter-Wave Massive MIMO Systems","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2996209442","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2959440","mag":"2996209442"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2959440","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2959440","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08932376.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08932376.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100427618","display_name":"Hui Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3509-3975"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hui Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, China","School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3509-3975","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023655556","display_name":"Wenjie Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5563-0996"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenjie Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, China","School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5563-0996","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019907526","display_name":"Wei Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0874-9927"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, China","School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0874-9927","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020683866","display_name":"Rui Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1654-796X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, China","School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1654-796X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.2335,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.56198512,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"180684","last_page":"180699"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10262","display_name":"Microwave Engineering and Waveguides","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/codebook","display_name":"Codebook","score":0.9163986444473267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beam-search","display_name":"Beam search","score":0.7658049464225769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7366326451301575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel-state-information","display_name":"Channel state information","score":0.6624764204025269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.6163271069526672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.5297081470489502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.4807050824165344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multipath-propagation","display_name":"Multipath propagation","score":0.4776776432991028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beam","display_name":"Beam (structure)","score":0.4623298645019531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.44380664825439453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.39751625061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/search-algorithm","display_name":"Search algorithm","score":0.38186115026474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.20012563467025757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.15899473428726196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.15720418095588684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12759900093078613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.0967811644077301}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127759330","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q637416","display_name":"Codebook","level":2,"score":0.9163986444473267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19889080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2835852","display_name":"Beam search","level":3,"score":0.7658049464225769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7366326451301575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148063708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5072511","display_name":"Channel state information","level":3,"score":0.6624764204025269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.6163271069526672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.5297081470489502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.4807050824165344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161218011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11827794","display_name":"Multipath propagation","level":3,"score":0.4776776432991028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168834538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3705329","display_name":"Beam (structure)","level":2,"score":0.4623298645019531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.44380664825439453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.39751625061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125583679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q755673","display_name":"Search algorithm","level":2,"score":0.38186115026474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.20012563467025757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.15899473428726196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.15720418095588684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12759900093078613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0967811644077301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2959440","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2959440","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08932376.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f8ca548c96e84b068a4cc7697ababcf2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f8ca548c96e84b068a4cc7697ababcf2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 180684-180699 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2959440","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2959440","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08932376.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1751730828","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CX201833","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321392","funder_display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4164180155","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CX201833","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G607816302","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61401360","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7493149093","display_name":"\u65e0\u7ebf\u79fb\u52a8\u901a\u4fe1\u7cfb\u7edf\u5e72\u6270\u6291\u5236\u7b97\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61571364","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8291622619","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61571364","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321392","funder_display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309475","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321392","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2996209442.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2996209442.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W779733492","https://openalex.org/W948366128","https://openalex.org/W1482426140","https://openalex.org/W1997834106","https://openalex.org/W2016999686","https://openalex.org/W2034651337","https://openalex.org/W2082015819","https://openalex.org/W2090409511","https://openalex.org/W2104074482","https://openalex.org/W2111953900","https://openalex.org/W2145412765","https://openalex.org/W2195693430","https://openalex.org/W2198911682","https://openalex.org/W2261663070","https://openalex.org/W2295341737","https://openalex.org/W2339667469","https://openalex.org/W2548842562","https://openalex.org/W2565013478","https://openalex.org/W2601905653","https://openalex.org/W2615358882","https://openalex.org/W2621353151","https://openalex.org/W2725352688","https://openalex.org/W2737688805","https://openalex.org/W2792273065","https://openalex.org/W2805657678","https://openalex.org/W2807133510","https://openalex.org/W2870675286","https://openalex.org/W2892342145","https://openalex.org/W2900600234","https://openalex.org/W2914126327","https://openalex.org/W2960964309","https://openalex.org/W2962785465","https://openalex.org/W2963248036","https://openalex.org/W2963290381","https://openalex.org/W2964307770","https://openalex.org/W2964311703","https://openalex.org/W3100007131","https://openalex.org/W3136935208"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2117054468","https://openalex.org/W4386269615","https://openalex.org/W3005119235","https://openalex.org/W2915045223","https://openalex.org/W4390091683","https://openalex.org/W1994919150","https://openalex.org/W58921990","https://openalex.org/W2204575588","https://openalex.org/W2005236250","https://openalex.org/W2081821176"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurate":[0],"channel":[1,20,46,191],"state":[2],"information":[3],"(CSI)":[4],"acquisition":[5],"is":[6,133,162,178],"indispensable":[7],"for":[8,148],"mmWave":[9],"massive":[10],"MIMO":[11],"systems":[12],"to":[13,180],"perform":[14],"sophisticated":[15],"signal":[16],"processing.":[17],"The":[18],"existing":[19,61],"estimation":[21,112,192],"methods":[22,168],"such":[23],"as":[24,169],"beam":[25,62,85,98,117,136,144],"training":[26,38,118,124,197],"and":[27,114,130,183],"compressed":[28],"sensing":[29],"either":[30],"have":[31],"low":[32],"accuracy":[33,113],"or":[34],"require":[35],"considerably":[36],"high":[37],"overhead.":[39],"To":[40,109],"achieve":[41],"a":[42,50],"fast":[43],"yet":[44],"accurate":[45],"estimation,":[47],"we":[48,139],"propose":[49],"parallel":[51],"hierarchical":[52,150,166],"multi-beam":[53,151,186],"search":[54,63,66,99,152,167,187],"method":[55,75,157,188],"in":[56,89,94,164],"this":[57],"paper.":[58],"Unlike":[59],"the":[60,73,78,84,97,111,116,120,149,155,175,184,201],"methods,":[64],"which":[65,161],"multipath":[67],"components":[68],"(MPCs)":[69],"one":[70],"by":[71,81,135,153],"one,":[72],"proposed":[74,176,185],"searches":[76],"all":[77,83],"MPCs":[79,88,102],"simultaneously":[80],"scanning":[82],"pairs":[86],"with":[87,106,200],"each":[90,107,123],"layer":[91],"of":[92,100,122,158],"codebook":[93,128,147,177],"parallel.":[95],"Therefore,":[96],"different":[101,127,131],"does":[103],"not":[104],"interfere":[105],"other.":[108],"improve":[110],"reduce":[115],"overhead,":[119,198],"length":[121],"sequence":[125],"under":[126],"layers":[129],"SNR":[132],"obtained":[134],"detection.":[137],"Moreover,":[138],"particularly":[140],"design":[141,156],"an":[142],"optimal":[143],"pattern":[145],"synthesis":[146],"using":[154],"digital":[159],"filter,":[160],"applicable":[163],"other":[165,181],"well.":[170],"Simulation":[171],"results":[172],"show":[173],"that":[174],"superior":[179],"codebooks":[182],"has":[189],"higher":[190],"accuracy,":[193],"but":[194],"requires":[195],"less":[196],"compared":[199],"state-of-the-art":[202],"alternatives.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}