{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2991830877","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2957660","title":"A Comparative Analysis of Blockchain Architecture and its Applications: Problems and Recommendations","display_name":"A Comparative Analysis of Blockchain Architecture and its Applications: Problems and Recommendations","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2991830877","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2957660","mag":"2991830877"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2957660","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2957660","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08922632.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08922632.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061292255","display_name":"Toqeer Ali Syed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3936-5483"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151290","display_name":"Islamic University of Madinah","ror":"https://ror.org/03rcp1y74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151290"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Toqeer Ali Syed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computer and Information Systems, Islamic University of Madinah, Madinah, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer and Information Systems, Islamic University of Madinah, Madinah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151290"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071401140","display_name":"Ali Alzahrani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9501-8331"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151290","display_name":"Islamic University of Madinah","ror":"https://ror.org/03rcp1y74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151290"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Alzahrani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computer and Information Systems, Islamic University of Madinah, Madinah, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer and Information Systems, Islamic University of Madinah, Madinah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151290"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063247971","display_name":"Salman Jan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8250-694X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4528857","display_name":"University of Kuala Lumpur","ror":"https://ror.org/026wwrx19","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4528857"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Salman Jan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universiti of Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universiti of Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4528857"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043200528","display_name":"Muhammad Shoaib Siddiqui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5656-0416"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151290","display_name":"Islamic University of Madinah","ror":"https://ror.org/03rcp1y74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151290"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Shoaib Siddiqui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computer and Information Systems, Islamic University of Madinah, Madinah, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer and Information Systems, Islamic University of Madinah, Madinah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151290"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020085217","display_name":"Adnan Nadeem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9622-150X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151290","display_name":"Islamic University of Madinah","ror":"https://ror.org/03rcp1y74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151290"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adnan Nadeem","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computer and Information Systems, Islamic University of Madinah, Madinah, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer and Information Systems, Islamic University of Madinah, Madinah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151290"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070612577","display_name":"Turki Alghamdi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5286-1863"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151290","display_name":"Islamic University of Madinah","ror":"https://ror.org/03rcp1y74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151290"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Turki Alghamdi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computer and Information Systems, Islamic University of Madinah, Madinah, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer and Information Systems, Islamic University of Madinah, Madinah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151290"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061292255"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151290"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":49.1556,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":273,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99834109,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"176838","last_page":"176869"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9580000042915344,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11995","display_name":"FinTech, Crowdfunding, Digital Finance","score":0.9228000044822693,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.9783520698547363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7566903829574585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.601763129234314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5744831562042236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.5596569180488586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.48555347323417664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business-model","display_name":"Business model","score":0.45715564489364624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.41407281160354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-management","display_name":"Engineering management","score":0.3202956020832062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3092145621776581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.19567453861236572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.15829211473464966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1177816390991211}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.9783520698547363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7566903829574585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.601763129234314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5744831562042236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.5596569180488586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.48555347323417664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4216890","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815823","display_name":"Business model","level":2,"score":0.45715564489364624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.41407281160354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110354214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6314146","display_name":"Engineering management","level":1,"score":0.3202956020832062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3092145621776581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.19567453861236572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.15829211473464966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1177816390991211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2957660","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2957660","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08922632.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:dc9a6e54b3634eef85cc8c2369641bec","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/dc9a6e54b3634eef85cc8c2369641bec","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 176838-176869 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2957660","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2957660","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08922632.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.49000000953674316}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331150","display_name":"Islamic University of Madinah","ror":"https://ror.org/03rcp1y74"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2991830877.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2991830877.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":162,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4400945","https://openalex.org/W893234787","https://openalex.org/W1482321356","https://openalex.org/W1520916864","https://openalex.org/W1975637639","https://openalex.org/W1979148035","https://openalex.org/W1988600100","https://openalex.org/W1990126021","https://openalex.org/W2049382041","https://openalex.org/W2059875792","https://openalex.org/W2067536185","https://openalex.org/W2103863878","https://openalex.org/W2122167656","https://openalex.org/W2164572080","https://openalex.org/W2176225732","https://openalex.org/W2186693638","https://openalex.org/W2188530018","https://openalex.org/W2219874140","https://openalex.org/W2278867595","https://openalex.org/W2290426788","https://openalex.org/W2293230997","https://openalex.org/W2335755599","https://openalex.org/W2392113277","https://openalex.org/W2393994303","https://openalex.org/W2413493122","https://openalex.org/W2477745462","https://openalex.org/W2486460265","https://openalex.org/W2511580607","https://openalex.org/W2514202461","https://openalex.org/W2514994441","https://openalex.org/W2516250164","https://openalex.org/W2522324130","https://openalex.org/W2523077978","https://openalex.org/W2527800909","https://openalex.org/W2529288420","https://openalex.org/W2537574029","https://openalex.org/W2540162589","https://openalex.org/W2544710688","https://openalex.org/W2555782333","https://openalex.org/W2560122591","https://openalex.org/W2567666263","https://openalex.org/W2582562249","https://openalex.org/W2583851542","https://openalex.org/W2587430355","https://openalex.org/W2587629885","https://openalex.org/W2593049127","https://openalex.org/W2593725966","https://openalex.org/W2598801365","https://openalex.org/W2602445533","https://openalex.org/W2604096638","https://openalex.org/W2604567462","https://openalex.org/W2606467208","https://openalex.org/W2611565958","https://openalex.org/W2611626082","https://openalex.org/W2611901208","https://openalex.org/W2612798110","https://openalex.org/W2616308558","https://openalex.org/W2620284884","https://openalex.org/W2620636316","https://openalex.org/W2624953603","https://openalex.org/W2626119796","https://openalex.org/W2626748464","https://openalex.org/W2626851879","https://openalex.org/W2669932771","https://openalex.org/W2728981145","https://openalex.org/W2730380569","https://openalex.org/W2734854252","https://openalex.org/W2734940320","https://openalex.org/W2737252471","https://openalex.org/W2739845435","https://openalex.org/W2743557948","https://openalex.org/W2746343748","https://openalex.org/W2748264495","https://openalex.org/W2752019525","https://openalex.org/W2753941796","https://openalex.org/W2753962503","https://openalex.org/W2754529701","https://openalex.org/W2759600173","https://openalex.org/W2760776412","https://openalex.org/W2762888877","https://openalex.org/W2765308299","https://openalex.org/W2765928069","https://openalex.org/W2768696376","https://openalex.org/W2770726686","https://openalex.org/W2772453898","https://openalex.org/W2772486733","https://openalex.org/W2772652996","https://openalex.org/W2773228868","https://openalex.org/W2779122913","https://openalex.org/W2779966302","https://openalex.org/W2784523327","https://openalex.org/W2786376170","https://openalex.org/W2786401655","https://openalex.org/W2787083138","https://openalex.org/W2788822833","https://openalex.org/W2792775858","https://openalex.org/W2793346081","https://openalex.org/W2796307943","https://openalex.org/W2796368078","https://openalex.org/W2797838170","https://openalex.org/W2801673812","https://openalex.org/W2803371618","https://openalex.org/W2805383889","https://openalex.org/W2805930283","https://openalex.org/W2807421168","https://openalex.org/W2807718082","https://openalex.org/W2807998273","https://openalex.org/W2808347514","https://openalex.org/W2808396996","https://openalex.org/W2808656692","https://openalex.org/W2809107162","https://openalex.org/W2809762372","https://openalex.org/W2810012679","https://openalex.org/W2810711254","https://openalex.org/W2885100636","https://openalex.org/W2886211034","https://openalex.org/W2886706106","https://openalex.org/W2896934485","https://openalex.org/W2901598045","https://openalex.org/W2905435839","https://openalex.org/W2929438235","https://openalex.org/W2949041275","https://openalex.org/W2960870100","https://openalex.org/W2963264685","https://openalex.org/W2963434081","https://openalex.org/W3102661748","https://openalex.org/W3123399443","https://openalex.org/W3123722958","https://openalex.org/W3123929510","https://openalex.org/W3138088283","https://openalex.org/W3141202751","https://openalex.org/W4211068006","https://openalex.org/W4229815470","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W4300127641","https://openalex.org/W4301725663","https://openalex.org/W4302290326","https://openalex.org/W6686748917","https://openalex.org/W6686884436","https://openalex.org/W6712083448","https://openalex.org/W6724071766","https://openalex.org/W6725760337","https://openalex.org/W6726165830","https://openalex.org/W6728574888","https://openalex.org/W6733098534","https://openalex.org/W6733325218","https://openalex.org/W6734578501","https://openalex.org/W6736607942","https://openalex.org/W6737475182","https://openalex.org/W6738571232","https://openalex.org/W6739178521","https://openalex.org/W6740663064","https://openalex.org/W6741634052","https://openalex.org/W6744635263","https://openalex.org/W6745553878","https://openalex.org/W6746733122","https://openalex.org/W6747307419","https://openalex.org/W6748536023","https://openalex.org/W6751564047","https://openalex.org/W6755196581","https://openalex.org/W6757325120","https://openalex.org/W6929372410"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W4386732777","https://openalex.org/W3211706803","https://openalex.org/W4382775358","https://openalex.org/W4246942721","https://openalex.org/W3209862047","https://openalex.org/W4304136894","https://openalex.org/W2989851257"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"the":[1,5,18,22,32,70,93,103,110,138],"past":[2],"few":[3],"years,":[4],"implementation":[6],"of":[7,28,34,56,106,108,120,142],"blockchain":[8,36,58,107,122,143],"technology":[9,37,144],"for":[10,137],"various":[11,39,121],"applications":[12,65],"has":[13],"been":[14,90],"widely":[15],"discussed":[16],"in":[17,38,48,66,83,145],"research":[19,94,99],"community":[20,95],"and":[21,45,63,75,86,96,114,127],"industry.":[23,77,97],"There":[24],"are":[25,135],"sufficient":[26],"number":[27],"articles":[29],"that":[30,88,134],"discuss":[31,82,131],"possibility":[33],"applying":[35],"areas,":[40],"such":[41],"as,":[42],"healthcare,":[43,73],"IoT,":[44],"business.":[46],"However,":[47],"this":[49],"article,":[50],"we":[51,81,112,130],"present":[52],"a":[53],"comparative":[54],"analysis":[55,117],"core":[57],"architecture,":[59],"its":[60,64],"fundamental":[61],"concepts,":[62],"three":[67],"major":[68,147],"areas:":[69],"Internet-of-Things":[71],"(IoT),":[72],"business":[74],"vehicular":[76],"For":[78],"each":[79],"area,":[80],"detail,":[84],"challenges":[85],"solutions":[87],"have":[89],"proposed":[91],"from":[92],"This":[98],"studies":[100],"also":[101],"presented":[102],"complete":[104],"ecosystem":[105],"all":[109],"papers":[111],"reviewed":[113],"summarized.":[115],"Moreover,":[116],"is":[118],"performed":[119],"platforms,":[123],"their":[124],"consensus":[125],"models,":[126],"applications.":[128],"Finally,":[129],"key":[132],"aspects":[133],"required":[136],"widespread":[139],"future":[140],"adoption":[141],"these":[146],"areas.":[148]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":51},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":54},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":68},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":51},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-09T08:58:05.943551","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}