{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2991796106","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2957272","title":"Self-Mixing Interferometric Signal Enhancement Using Generative Adversarial Network for Laser Metric Sensing Applications","display_name":"Self-Mixing Interferometric Signal Enhancement Using Generative Adversarial Network for Laser Metric Sensing Applications","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2991796106","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2957272","mag":"2991796106"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2957272","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2957272","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08920019.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08920019.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055672945","display_name":"Imran Ahmed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1403-0927"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Imran Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1403-0927","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053616019","display_name":"Usman Zabit","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6744-7371"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Usman Zabit","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6744-7371","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100645319","display_name":"Ahmad Salman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2852-1751"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmad Salman","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2852-1751","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.9205,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":37,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86185098,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"174641","last_page":"174650"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11429","display_name":"Semiconductor Lasers and Optical Devices","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11429","display_name":"Semiconductor Lasers and Optical Devices","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10988","display_name":"Advanced Fiber Laser Technologies","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.6399490237236023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.5467684268951416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5097314715385437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.44037336111068726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.41347646713256836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3952251374721527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.389954149723053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3355058431625366}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.6399490237236023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.5467684268951416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5097314715385437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.44037336111068726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.41347646713256836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3952251374721527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.389954149723053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3355058431625366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2957272","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2957272","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08920019.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:cb7a8b6a6f0145d093578515ebc5d531","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/cb7a8b6a6f0145d093578515ebc5d531","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 174641-174650 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2957272","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2957272","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08920019.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2991796106.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2991796106.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1429826346","https://openalex.org/W1677182931","https://openalex.org/W1972255196","https://openalex.org/W1994789020","https://openalex.org/W2004822631","https://openalex.org/W2032609142","https://openalex.org/W2043611220","https://openalex.org/W2066545822","https://openalex.org/W2067406370","https://openalex.org/W2069053349","https://openalex.org/W2087634345","https://openalex.org/W2099357217","https://openalex.org/W2113734409","https://openalex.org/W2136512318","https://openalex.org/W2319060170","https://openalex.org/W2341429346","https://openalex.org/W2345320312","https://openalex.org/W2512747481","https://openalex.org/W2516065015","https://openalex.org/W2528183629","https://openalex.org/W2553443178","https://openalex.org/W2593414223","https://openalex.org/W2610499978","https://openalex.org/W2764140548","https://openalex.org/W2782833345","https://openalex.org/W2910973565","https://openalex.org/W2917423553","https://openalex.org/W2919170011","https://openalex.org/W2921767941","https://openalex.org/W2948756139","https://openalex.org/W2951050115","https://openalex.org/W2963073614","https://openalex.org/W2963341071","https://openalex.org/W2963373786","https://openalex.org/W2963684088","https://openalex.org/W4320013936","https://openalex.org/W6685352114","https://openalex.org/W6718379498","https://openalex.org/W6729966448","https://openalex.org/W6734564793","https://openalex.org/W6735429107"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2051487156","https://openalex.org/W2073681303","https://openalex.org/W4375867731","https://openalex.org/W2053286651","https://openalex.org/W2181743346","https://openalex.org/W2611989081","https://openalex.org/W2187401768","https://openalex.org/W2181413294","https://openalex.org/W2052122378","https://openalex.org/W2544423928"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Measurement":[0],"performance":[1,27,252],"of":[2,16,47,59,93,138,143,173,179,214,251,253],"self-mixing":[3],"interferometric":[4],"(SMI)":[5],"laser":[6,255],"sensor":[7],"can":[8,98,229],"be":[9],"significantly":[10,169],"affected":[11],"due":[12,28],"to":[13,29,81,117,168,220,249],"the":[14,94,111,163,171,198,203,232,236],"presence":[15],"noise.":[17],"In":[18],"this":[19],"case,":[20],"conventional":[21],"signal":[22,84],"enhancement":[23,156,250],"techniques":[24],"yield":[25],"compromised":[26],"several":[30],"limitations":[31],"which":[32],"include":[33],"processing":[34],"signals":[35,176,218],"in":[36,51],"frequency":[37,53],"domains":[38],"only,":[39],"relying":[40],"mainly":[41],"on":[42,71,177],"first":[43],"order":[44],"statistics,":[45],"loss":[46],"important":[48],"information":[49],"present":[50],"higher":[52],"band":[54],"and":[55,130,152,187,245],"handling":[56],"limited":[57],"number":[58],"noise":[60,88,101,125,129,133,233],"types.":[61,89],"To":[62],"address":[63],"these":[64],"issues,":[65],"we":[66],"propose":[67],"a":[68,76,243],"solution":[69],"based":[70,211],"using":[72],"generative":[73],"adversarial":[74],"network,":[75],"popular":[77],"deep":[78,95,112],"learning":[79],"scheme,":[80],"enhance":[82],"SMI":[83,139,196,217,254],"corrupted":[85],"with":[86,206],"different":[87,124,136,145,154],"Thus,":[90,225],"taking":[91],"advantage":[92],"networks":[96],"that":[97,162,241],"learn":[99,122],"arbitrary":[100],"distribution":[102],"from":[103],"large":[104],"example":[105],"set,":[106],"our":[107,226],"proposed":[108,164,199,227],"method":[109,165,200,228,247],"trains":[110],"network":[113],"model":[114],"end-to-end,":[115],"able":[116,167],"process":[118],"raw":[119],"waveforms":[120,140],"directly,":[121],"51":[123],"conditions":[126],"including":[127],"white":[128],"amplitude":[131,194,204],"modulation":[132,205],"for":[134,184,216],"1,140":[135],"types":[137],"made":[141],"up":[142],"285":[144],"optical":[146,222],"feedback":[147,189,223],"coupling":[148],"factor":[149],"($C$)":[150],"values":[151],"4":[153],"line-width":[155],"factor$\\alpha":[157],"$values.":[158],"The":[159],"results":[160],"show":[161],"is":[166],"improve":[170],"SNR":[172],"noisy":[174,260],"SM":[175],"average":[178],"19.49,":[180],"16.29,":[181],"10.34":[182],"dB":[183],"weak-,":[185],"moderate-,":[186],"strong-optical":[188],"regime":[190],"signals,":[191,197],"respectively.":[192],"For":[193],"modulated":[195],"has":[201],"corrected":[202],"maximum":[207],"error":[208],"(using":[209],"area-under-the-curve":[210],"quantitative":[212],"analysis)":[213],"0.73%":[215],"belonging":[219],"all":[221],"regimes.":[224],"effectively":[230],"reduce":[231],"without":[234],"distorting":[235],"original":[237],"signal.":[238],"We":[239],"believe":[240],"such":[242],"unified":[244],"precise":[246],"leads":[248],"sensors":[256],"operating":[257],"under":[258],"real-world,":[259],"conditions.":[261]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
