{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2991366029","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2956828","title":"BER Evaluation of Linear Detectors in Massive MIMO Systems Under Imperfect Channel Estimation Effects","display_name":"BER Evaluation of Linear Detectors in Massive MIMO Systems Under Imperfect Channel Estimation Effects","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2991366029","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2956828","mag":"2991366029"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2956828","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2956828","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08917985.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08917985.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061649152","display_name":"Carlos Daniel Altamirano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3123-1667"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118946981","display_name":"Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE","ror":"https://ror.org/05j136930","country_code":"EC","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118946981"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181391015","display_name":"Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)","ror":"https://ror.org/04wffgt70","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181391015"]}],"countries":["BR","EC"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Carlos Daniel Altamirano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical, Electronics and Telecommunications Department (DEEL), Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas-ESPE, Sangolqu\u00ed, Ecuador","School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas-SP, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3123-1667","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical, Electronics and Telecommunications Department (DEEL), Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas-ESPE, Sangolqu\u00ed, Ecuador","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118946981"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas-SP, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181391015"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088325835","display_name":"Juan Minango","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2682-8602"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210154595","display_name":"Secretar\u00eda de Educaci\u00f3n Superior, Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n","ror":"https://ror.org/056c6e777","country_code":"EC","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210154595"]}],"countries":["EC"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juan Minango","raw_affiliation_strings":["Secretaria Nacional de Educaci\u00f3n Superior, Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n (SENESCYT), Institute for the Promotion of the Human Talent (IFTH), Quito, Ecuador"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2682-8602","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Secretaria Nacional de Educaci\u00f3n Superior, Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n (SENESCYT), Institute for the Promotion of the Human Talent (IFTH), Quito, Ecuador","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210154595"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079110081","display_name":"Henry Carvajal Mora","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0529-8224"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102282","display_name":"Universidad de Las Am\u00e9ricas","ror":"https://ror.org/0198j4566","country_code":"EC","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102282"]}],"countries":["EC"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Henry Carvajal Mora","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering and Applied Sciences (FICA), School of Telecommunications Engineering, Universidad de Las Am\u00e9ricas (UDLA), Quito, Ecuador"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0529-8224","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering and Applied Sciences (FICA), School of Telecommunications Engineering, Universidad de Las Am\u00e9ricas (UDLA), Quito, Ecuador","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210102282"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048557793","display_name":"Celso de Almeida","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9097-3751"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181391015","display_name":"Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)","ror":"https://ror.org/04wffgt70","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181391015"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Celso De Almeida","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas-SP, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9097-3751","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas-SP, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181391015"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061649152"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118946981","https://openalex.org/I181391015"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.6951,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8508227,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"174482","last_page":"174494"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10796","display_name":"Cooperative Communication and Network Coding","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.721078097820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.5158892869949341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5027360916137695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.4841185510158539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximal-ratio-combining","display_name":"Maximal-ratio combining","score":0.445676326751709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bit-error-rate","display_name":"Bit error rate","score":0.43945813179016113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4269484281539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.41823601722717285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.38142454624176025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.3066529631614685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fading","display_name":"Fading","score":0.16192254424095154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.10430458188056946}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.721078097820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.5158892869949341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5027360916137695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.4841185510158539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86024645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795632","display_name":"Maximal-ratio combining","level":4,"score":0.445676326751709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56296756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840922","display_name":"Bit error rate","level":3,"score":0.43945813179016113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4269484281539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.41823601722717285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.38142454624176025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3066529631614685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81978471","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1196572","display_name":"Fading","level":3,"score":0.16192254424095154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.10430458188056946}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2956828","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2956828","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08917985.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:americanae.aecid.es:3419871","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://americanae.aecid.es/americanae/es/registros/registro.do?tipoRegistro=MTD&idBib=3419871","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400786","display_name":"Americanae (AECID Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"WOS","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a23b6b921fc04ec783acef39df2a770b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a23b6b921fc04ec783acef39df2a770b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 174482-174494 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2956828","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2956828","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08917985.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2991366029.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2991366029.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W250076511","https://openalex.org/W1971443733","https://openalex.org/W1979310130","https://openalex.org/W1982306920","https://openalex.org/W1983753058","https://openalex.org/W1994375763","https://openalex.org/W1997834106","https://openalex.org/W2008052995","https://openalex.org/W2011036035","https://openalex.org/W2018891861","https://openalex.org/W2072184935","https://openalex.org/W2084304524","https://openalex.org/W2089121898","https://openalex.org/W2104621895","https://openalex.org/W2107244732","https://openalex.org/W2128513990","https://openalex.org/W2133736173","https://openalex.org/W2139104935","https://openalex.org/W2143127988","https://openalex.org/W2147601077","https://openalex.org/W2156408736","https://openalex.org/W2233020785","https://openalex.org/W2343448572","https://openalex.org/W2399990650","https://openalex.org/W2493309683","https://openalex.org/W2539198515","https://openalex.org/W2555019348","https://openalex.org/W2587515641","https://openalex.org/W2617568574","https://openalex.org/W2679131546","https://openalex.org/W2722621726","https://openalex.org/W2773252608","https://openalex.org/W2786895426","https://openalex.org/W2894312746","https://openalex.org/W2894447529","https://openalex.org/W2932858434","https://openalex.org/W2963414789","https://openalex.org/W2963634393","https://openalex.org/W4237263286","https://openalex.org/W6668545817"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2366906938","https://openalex.org/W2147186346","https://openalex.org/W2349391998","https://openalex.org/W4205655149","https://openalex.org/W2181814177","https://openalex.org/W2000775715","https://openalex.org/W2545343974","https://openalex.org/W2795393339","https://openalex.org/W2118489804","https://openalex.org/W2051314689"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"New":[0],"perspectives":[1],"for":[2,87,118,210],"wireless":[3],"communications":[4],"have":[5],"brought":[6],"new":[7],"techniques,":[8],"such":[9,40],"as":[10,33,41],"a":[11,18,28,69,125,178],"very":[12],"large":[13],"number":[14,182,186,192],"of":[15,98,172,180,183,187,193,204],"antennas":[16],"at":[17],"base":[19],"station":[20],"(BS)":[21],"serving":[22],"multiple":[23],"user":[24],"terminals":[25],"(UTs)":[26],"with":[27,55,96],"single":[29],"antenna":[30],"each,":[31],"known":[32],"massive":[34],"MIMO":[35],"(M-MIMO).":[36],"M-MIMO":[37,88,99],"linear":[38],"detectors,":[39],"maximal-ratio":[42],"combining":[43],"(MRC),":[44],"zero-forcing":[45],"(ZF)":[46],"or":[47],"minimum-mean-square":[48],"error":[49,77],"(MMSE)":[50],"can":[51],"achieve":[52],"excellent":[53],"performance":[54,80],"low":[56],"complexity":[57],"due":[58,155],"to":[59,111,140,156,168],"the":[60,72,103,113,142,157,170,173,181,197],"channel":[61,66,84,92,159,211],"hardening":[62],"property.":[63],"However,":[64],"imperfect":[65,91,158],"estimation":[67,93,160,212],"produces":[68],"penalty":[70,154],"in":[71,94,124],"performance.":[73],"An":[74],"average":[75,114],"bit":[76],"rate":[78],"(BER)":[79],"analysis":[81],"over":[82],"time-invariant":[83],"is":[85,161],"presented":[86],"systems":[89],"under":[90],"contrast":[95],"most":[97],"literature":[100],"that":[101],"uses":[102],"ergodic":[104],"capacity":[105],"approach.":[106],"Closed-form":[107],"expressions":[108],"and":[109,121,196,206,213],"bounds":[110],"evaluate":[112,141],"BER":[115],"are":[116,166,177],"derived":[117,174],"MRC,":[119],"ZF":[120],"MMSE":[122],"detectors":[123],"unicellular":[126],"environment":[127],"considering":[128],"<inline-formula":[129,147,198],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[130,148,199],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[131,149,200],"<tex-math":[132,150,201],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$M$":[133],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[134,152,203],"-QAM":[135],"modulation.":[136],"Furthermore,":[137],"an":[138],"expression":[139],"normalized":[143],"signal-to-noise":[144],"ratio":[145],"(":[146],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$E_{b}/N_{0}$":[151,202],")":[153],"presented.":[162],"Montecarlo":[163],"numerical":[164],"simulations":[165],"used":[167,209],"verify":[169],"tightness":[171],"equations":[175],"which":[176],"function":[179],"BS":[184],"antennas,":[185],"users,":[188],"coherence":[189],"time":[190],"interval,":[191],"pilot":[194,205],"symbols":[195,208],"data":[207,214],"detection.":[215]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
