{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2991398534","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2955984","title":"Enhancing Hyperspectral Unmixing With Two-Stage Multiplicative Update Nonnegative Matrix Factorization","display_name":"Enhancing Hyperspectral Unmixing With Two-Stage Multiplicative Update Nonnegative Matrix Factorization","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2991398534","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2955984","mag":"2991398534"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2955984","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2955984","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08913530.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08913530.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101966878","display_name":"Li Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3589-4898"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74485261","display_name":"Shandong Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ke8fw32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74485261"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai\u2019an, China","College of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3589-4898","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74485261"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74485261"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035246366","display_name":"Kang Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8321-2804"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126307644","display_name":"University of Iowa","ror":"https://ror.org/036jqmy94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kang Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Management Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8321-2804","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Management Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046469888","display_name":"Congying Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3445-4620"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Congying Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3445-4620","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103058788","display_name":"Ziwen Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3894-1677"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziwen Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3894-1677","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.5308,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72357297,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"171023","last_page":"171031"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9879000186920166,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11659","display_name":"Advanced Image Fusion Techniques","score":0.9807000160217285,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-negative-matrix-factorization","display_name":"Non-negative matrix factorization","score":0.9390889406204224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperspectral-imaging","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","score":0.7699276208877563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplicative-function","display_name":"Multiplicative function","score":0.701604425907135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/endmember","display_name":"Endmember","score":0.6417227983474731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonnegative-matrix","display_name":"Nonnegative matrix","score":0.6298917531967163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matrix-decomposition","display_name":"Matrix decomposition","score":0.6096153855323792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matrix","display_name":"Matrix (chemical analysis)","score":0.5187292695045471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.4453434348106384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.436208039522171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.4277001619338989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4244418144226074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4099036753177643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3044678568840027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/symmetric-matrix","display_name":"Symmetric matrix","score":0.2323969006538391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eigenvalues-and-eigenvectors","display_name":"Eigenvalues and eigenvectors","score":0.07607829570770264}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152671427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10843505","display_name":"Non-negative matrix factorization","level":4,"score":0.9390889406204224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159078339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959005","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","level":2,"score":0.7699276208877563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42747912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1048447","display_name":"Multiplicative function","level":2,"score":0.701604425907135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58237817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5376204","display_name":"Endmember","level":3,"score":0.6417227983474731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139018669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6961560","display_name":"Nonnegative matrix","level":4,"score":0.6298917531967163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42355184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1361088","display_name":"Matrix decomposition","level":3,"score":0.6096153855323792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106487976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685816","display_name":"Matrix (chemical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.5187292695045471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4453434348106384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.436208039522171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.4277001619338989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4244418144226074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4099036753177643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3044678568840027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54848796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q339011","display_name":"Symmetric matrix","level":3,"score":0.2323969006538391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158693339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190524","display_name":"Eigenvalues and eigenvectors","level":2,"score":0.07607829570770264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2955984","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2955984","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08913530.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a10c056fb32e43c386f1d86b6e41e5b1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a10c056fb32e43c386f1d86b6e41e5b1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 171023-171031 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2955984","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2955984","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08913530.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3021609970","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZR2016DM03","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3263763164","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"11301307","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3597208219","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"11701337","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G955001474","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41271235","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329039","display_name":"Project of Shandong Province Higher Educational Science and Technology Program","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2991398534.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2991398534.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W5896900","https://openalex.org/W1841002610","https://openalex.org/W1970039276","https://openalex.org/W1976391658","https://openalex.org/W1981939910","https://openalex.org/W1987423550","https://openalex.org/W1993215430","https://openalex.org/W2002519017","https://openalex.org/W2009576740","https://openalex.org/W2015583498","https://openalex.org/W2017288758","https://openalex.org/W2029343251","https://openalex.org/W2040223133","https://openalex.org/W2043545458","https://openalex.org/W2049507888","https://openalex.org/W2076566842","https://openalex.org/W2101837437","https://openalex.org/W2108119513","https://openalex.org/W2110096996","https://openalex.org/W2116216716","https://openalex.org/W2118718620","https://openalex.org/W2126660483","https://openalex.org/W2135029798","https://openalex.org/W2157321686","https://openalex.org/W2163886442","https://openalex.org/W2167686991","https://openalex.org/W2337334204","https://openalex.org/W2338894643","https://openalex.org/W2344025572","https://openalex.org/W2510237014","https://openalex.org/W2571268788","https://openalex.org/W2583956757","https://openalex.org/W2593819072","https://openalex.org/W2604977491","https://openalex.org/W2773450466","https://openalex.org/W2798328034","https://openalex.org/W2803261604","https://openalex.org/W2860738792","https://openalex.org/W2893348249","https://openalex.org/W2902976072","https://openalex.org/W2924185635","https://openalex.org/W2948005478","https://openalex.org/W2964257934","https://openalex.org/W2989635782","https://openalex.org/W3102578566","https://openalex.org/W4233760599","https://openalex.org/W4297787516","https://openalex.org/W6600245942","https://openalex.org/W6640057573","https://openalex.org/W6677759377","https://openalex.org/W6680012447","https://openalex.org/W6891846528"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1980988957","https://openalex.org/W2898368675","https://openalex.org/W2902260311","https://openalex.org/W2108919995","https://openalex.org/W2022978200","https://openalex.org/W3099441337","https://openalex.org/W2731733684","https://openalex.org/W2083358384","https://openalex.org/W2768089427","https://openalex.org/W1989034480"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Nonnegative":[0],"matrix":[1,33,52,57],"factorization":[2,34],"(NMF)":[3],"is":[4,42,84,97],"a":[5,15,30,67],"powerful":[6],"tool":[7],"for":[8,58,71],"hyperspectral":[9,16],"unmixing":[10],"(HU).":[11],"This":[12,51],"method":[13],"factorizes":[14],"cube":[17],"into":[18],"constituent":[19],"endmembers":[20],"and":[21,90,114],"their":[22],"fractional":[23],"abundances.":[24],"In":[25],"this":[26,95],"paper,":[27],"we":[28,65],"propose":[29],"two-stage":[31,81,108],"nonnegative":[32],"algorithm.":[35],"During":[36],"the":[37,47,55,61,72,76,91],"first":[38,43],"stage,":[39,63],"k-means":[40],"clustering":[41],"employed":[44],"to":[45],"obtain":[46],"estimated":[48],"endmember":[49],"matrix.":[50],"serves":[53],"as":[54],"initial":[56],"NMF":[59,82,109],"during":[60],"second":[62],"where":[64],"design":[66],"new":[68],"cost":[69],"function":[70],"purpose":[73],"of":[74,78,94],"refining":[75],"solutions":[77],"NMF.":[79],"The":[80],"model":[83],"solved":[85],"with":[86,99],"multiplicative":[87],"update":[88],"rules,":[89],"monotonic":[92],"convergence":[93],"algorithm":[96,110],"proven":[98],"an":[100],"auxiliary":[101],"function.":[102],"Numerical":[103],"tests":[104],"demonstrate":[105],"that":[106],"our":[107],"can":[111],"achieve":[112],"accurate":[113],"stable":[115],"solutions.":[116]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}