{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2993687209","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2955555","title":"Automated Detection of Myocardial Infarction Using a Gramian Angular Field and Principal Component Analysis Network","display_name":"Automated Detection of Myocardial Infarction Using a Gramian Angular Field and Principal Component Analysis Network","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2993687209","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2955555","mag":"2993687209"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2955555","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2955555","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08911378.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08911378.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100368300","display_name":"Gong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8348-8993"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Communication Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8348-8993","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Communication Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038239768","display_name":"Yujuan Si","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0568-3264"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165204","display_name":"Zhuhai Institute of Advanced Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05r1mzq61","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210145761","https://openalex.org/I4210165204"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yujuan Si","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Communication Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China","Zhuhai College of Jilin University, Zhuhai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0568-3264","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Communication Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhuhai College of Jilin University, Zhuhai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165204","https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100401382","display_name":"Di Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5629-0244"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Di Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Communication Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5629-0244","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Communication Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100755398","display_name":"Weiyi Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7281-655X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weiyi Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Communication Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7281-655X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Communication Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105462019","display_name":"Yongjian Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4067-4512"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165204","display_name":"Zhuhai Institute of Advanced Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05r1mzq61","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210145761","https://openalex.org/I4210165204"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongjian Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhuhai College of Jilin University, Zhuhai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4067-4512","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhuhai College of Jilin University, Zhuhai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165204","https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":5.0335,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":102,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9625817,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"171570","last_page":"171583"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12419","display_name":"Phonocardiography and Auscultation Techniques","score":0.988099992275238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6611719131469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6361339092254639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principal-component-analysis","display_name":"Principal component analysis","score":0.6343237161636353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6328516006469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","score":0.5439280867576599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise-reduction","display_name":"Noise reduction","score":0.5099295377731323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.4888452887535095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gramian-matrix","display_name":"Gramian matrix","score":0.46147510409355164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/myocardial-infarction","display_name":"Myocardial infarction","score":0.4482741355895996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrocardiography","display_name":"Electrocardiography","score":0.43392547965049744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cardiology","display_name":"Cardiology","score":0.2010546326637268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.16941756010055542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08490681648254395}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6611719131469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6361339092254639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27438332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2873","display_name":"Principal component analysis","level":2,"score":0.6343237161636353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6328516006469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.5439280867576599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163294075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581861","display_name":"Noise reduction","level":2,"score":0.5099295377731323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.4888452887535095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77246614","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1409400","display_name":"Gramian matrix","level":3,"score":0.46147510409355164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C500558357","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12152","display_name":"Myocardial infarction","level":2,"score":0.4482741355895996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780040984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79785","display_name":"Electrocardiography","level":2,"score":0.43392547965049744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164705383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10379","display_name":"Cardiology","level":1,"score":0.2010546326637268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.16941756010055542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08490681648254395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158693339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190524","display_name":"Eigenvalues and eigenvectors","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2955555","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2955555","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08911378.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:bf3d62d1e1da475cb48df2421466b494","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/bf3d62d1e1da475cb48df2421466b494","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 171570-171583 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2955555","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2955555","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08911378.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6060304100","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20190302035GX","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322174","funder_display_name":"People's Government of Jilin Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G62259437","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016A030313658","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321921","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7900980663","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20170414017GH","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322174","funder_display_name":"People's Government of Jilin Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321921","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322174","display_name":"People's Government of Jilin Province","ror":"https://ror.org/02fzqav45"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2993687209.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2993687209.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1498436455","https://openalex.org/W1616262590","https://openalex.org/W1972003923","https://openalex.org/W1981510969","https://openalex.org/W1984595010","https://openalex.org/W2004208489","https://openalex.org/W2022691337","https://openalex.org/W2029527177","https://openalex.org/W2041110545","https://openalex.org/W2047181473","https://openalex.org/W2075112705","https://openalex.org/W2076063813","https://openalex.org/W2077430201","https://openalex.org/W2080510952","https://openalex.org/W2086226917","https://openalex.org/W2101713460","https://openalex.org/W2101926813","https://openalex.org/W2113242816","https://openalex.org/W2117130368","https://openalex.org/W2117736816","https://openalex.org/W2119821739","https://openalex.org/W2122585011","https://openalex.org/W2124060436","https://openalex.org/W2124785086","https://openalex.org/W2129476886","https://openalex.org/W2136922672","https://openalex.org/W2141125852","https://openalex.org/W2162273778","https://openalex.org/W2162800060","https://openalex.org/W2291961022","https://openalex.org/W2512426799","https://openalex.org/W2527796983","https://openalex.org/W2559935656","https://openalex.org/W2580792129","https://openalex.org/W2589007386","https://openalex.org/W2610332124","https://openalex.org/W2680172233","https://openalex.org/W2702116941","https://openalex.org/W2755499309","https://openalex.org/W2762957076","https://openalex.org/W2767583913","https://openalex.org/W2804642894","https://openalex.org/W2807294016","https://openalex.org/W2884483862","https://openalex.org/W2901289372","https://openalex.org/W2911096363","https://openalex.org/W2912461571","https://openalex.org/W2913789442","https://openalex.org/W2914231497","https://openalex.org/W2924456201","https://openalex.org/W2944352165","https://openalex.org/W2963304300","https://openalex.org/W2963866024","https://openalex.org/W2967737346","https://openalex.org/W2968315492","https://openalex.org/W2980825080","https://openalex.org/W3102431071","https://openalex.org/W3103220618","https://openalex.org/W3104737186","https://openalex.org/W4211104669","https://openalex.org/W4239510810","https://openalex.org/W6675357634","https://openalex.org/W6745081244","https://openalex.org/W6766968886","https://openalex.org/W6787202198"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4390355884","https://openalex.org/W1975632186","https://openalex.org/W4302344890","https://openalex.org/W3027745756","https://openalex.org/W3205213561","https://openalex.org/W2531880140","https://openalex.org/W3102707439","https://openalex.org/W2036609560","https://openalex.org/W2436722607","https://openalex.org/W346861917"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Myocardial":[0],"infarction":[1],"(MI)":[2],"is":[3,14,37,101,218],"a":[4,53,79],"deadly":[5],"disease":[6,46],"that":[7,215],"threatens":[8],"human":[9],"life":[10],"worldwide,":[11],"and":[12,42,66,164,205],"it":[13,51],"essential":[15],"to":[16,55,77,120,127,135,148,222],"save":[17],"threatened":[18],"lives":[19],"with":[20,185],"early":[21],"detection":[22,84],"of":[23,44,62,85,146,152,158,162,167,200,203,207,211],"MI.":[24,49],"The":[25,155,178,209],"electrocardiogram":[26],"(ECG),":[27],"which":[28,132],"records":[29],"the":[30,35,40,58,70,97,107,115,121,150,160,165,186,196,212],"electrical":[31],"activity":[32],"presented":[33],"in":[34,72,138,171],"heart,":[36],"used":[38],"for":[39,82,195],"prevention":[41],"treatment":[43],"heart":[45],"such":[47],"as":[48],"However,":[50],"remains":[52],"challenge":[54],"visually":[56],"interpret":[57],"ECG":[59,89,98,176,227],"signals":[60,90],"because":[61],"their":[63],"small":[64],"amplitude":[65],"duration.":[67],"Inspired":[68],"by":[69,87],"development":[71],"computer":[73],"vision,":[74],"we":[75,190],"try":[76],"explore":[78],"novel":[80],"approach":[81],"automatic":[83],"MI":[86,224],"imaging":[88],"without":[91],"noise":[92],"removal.":[93],"In":[94],"this":[95],"paper,":[96],"time":[99],"series":[100],"first":[102],"transformed":[103],"into":[104],"images":[105,117],"using":[106,174,225],"Gramian":[108],"Angular":[109],"Difference":[110],"Field":[111],"(GADF)":[112],"method.":[113],"Subsequently,":[114],"processed":[116],"are":[118,133,169],"subjected":[119],"principal":[122],"component":[123],"analysis":[124],"network":[125],"(PCANet)":[126],"extract":[128],"sparse":[129],"high-dimensional":[130],"features,":[131],"easy":[134],"perform":[136],"well":[137],"linear":[139],"classifiers.":[140],"We":[141],"carried":[142],"out":[143],"several":[144],"sets":[145],"experiments":[147,173,213],"test":[149],"effectiveness":[151],"our":[153,216],"algorithm.":[154],"overall":[156],"accuracy":[157,179],"99.49%,":[159],"sensitivity":[161,202],"99.78%,":[163],"specificity":[166,206],"98.08%":[168],"achieved":[170,192],"class-oriented":[172],"original":[175],"beats.":[177],"even":[180],"rises":[181],"over":[182],"1%":[183],"compared":[184],"denoising":[187],"one;":[188],"Moreover,":[189],"also":[191],"favorable":[193],"performance":[194],"patient-specific":[197],"experiment":[198],"(accuracy":[199],"93.17%,":[201],"93.91%,":[204],"89.20%).":[208],"results":[210],"indicate":[214],"model":[217],"an":[219],"effective":[220],"way":[221],"detect":[223],"raw":[226],"signals.":[228]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-05T07:55:05.734416","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
