{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2991124257","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2953494","title":"An Improved Flower Pollination Optimizer Algorithm for Multilevel Image Thresholding","display_name":"An Improved Flower Pollination Optimizer Algorithm for Multilevel Image Thresholding","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2991124257","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2953494","mag":"2991124257"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2953494","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2953494","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08901119.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08901119.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026092741","display_name":"Kangshun Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0429-446X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I101479585","display_name":"South China Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/05v9jqt67","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I101479585"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kangshun Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mathematics and Informatics, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0429-446X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mathematics and Informatics, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I101479585"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082137576","display_name":"Zhiping Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5331-0980"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I101479585","display_name":"South China Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/05v9jqt67","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I101479585"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiping Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mathematics and Informatics, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5331-0980","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mathematics and Informatics, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I101479585"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I101479585"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.4888,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86497383,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"165571","last_page":"165582"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10052","display_name":"Medical Image Segmentation Techniques","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10052","display_name":"Medical Image Segmentation Techniques","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11659","display_name":"Advanced Image Fusion Techniques","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thresholding","display_name":"Thresholding","score":0.7472148537635803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crossover","display_name":"Crossover","score":0.6710948944091797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6017354726791382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pollination","display_name":"Pollination","score":0.5917214155197144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.5195037126541138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/local-optimum","display_name":"Local optimum","score":0.5036336779594421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.4809229075908661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4692516326904297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.4635673463344574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristic","display_name":"Heuristic","score":0.4426960349082947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4054756462574005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.3967965543270111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.3707774877548218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.32173091173171997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2997261583805084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pollen","display_name":"Pollen","score":0.08558389544487}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191178318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2256906","display_name":"Thresholding","level":3,"score":0.7472148537635803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122507166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628906","display_name":"Crossover","level":2,"score":0.6710948944091797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6017354726791382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168197293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134624","display_name":"Pollination","level":3,"score":0.5917214155197144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5195037126541138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141934464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3305386","display_name":"Local optimum","level":2,"score":0.5036336779594421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.4809229075908661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4692516326904297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.4635673463344574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.4426960349082947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4054756462574005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3967965543270111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3707774877548218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.32173091173171997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2997261583805084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780618852","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79932","display_name":"Pollen","level":2,"score":0.08558389544487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2953494","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2953494","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08901119.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d93f5661856c4957bd003a0ba40764d5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d93f5661856c4957bd003a0ba40764d5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 165571-165582 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2953494","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2953494","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08901119.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.4300000071525574}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1664752922","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019B020219003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336405","funder_display_name":"Special Project for Research and Development in Key areas of Guangdong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2979028412","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61703170","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G301552966","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61773296","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4558916944","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"201901","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321160","funder_display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5169721444","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"201901","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5875519508","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018YFC0831100","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321160","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336405","display_name":"Special Project for Research and Development in Key areas of Guangdong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2991124257.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2991124257.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W137929096","https://openalex.org/W1580022276","https://openalex.org/W1606402766","https://openalex.org/W1955291487","https://openalex.org/W1976744965","https://openalex.org/W2004061489","https://openalex.org/W2010059576","https://openalex.org/W2019946396","https://openalex.org/W2030161124","https://openalex.org/W2072955302","https://openalex.org/W2078324766","https://openalex.org/W2116415487","https://openalex.org/W2117034207","https://openalex.org/W2143560894","https://openalex.org/W2154943049","https://openalex.org/W2217371171","https://openalex.org/W2258223236","https://openalex.org/W2285892420","https://openalex.org/W2334731071","https://openalex.org/W2339877009","https://openalex.org/W2364240738","https://openalex.org/W2387668321","https://openalex.org/W2405554085","https://openalex.org/W2555382518","https://openalex.org/W2561491196","https://openalex.org/W2576768541","https://openalex.org/W2605396865","https://openalex.org/W2607805495","https://openalex.org/W2623324491","https://openalex.org/W2763392530","https://openalex.org/W2793019209","https://openalex.org/W2793758168","https://openalex.org/W2804021303","https://openalex.org/W2906574904","https://openalex.org/W2908929618","https://openalex.org/W2919547198","https://openalex.org/W2963881378","https://openalex.org/W3046497628","https://openalex.org/W3100933494","https://openalex.org/W4211130072","https://openalex.org/W6714144765","https://openalex.org/W6739344503","https://openalex.org/W6757726222","https://openalex.org/W6781886182"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2138983844","https://openalex.org/W1968965685","https://openalex.org/W2012792772","https://openalex.org/W2356573839","https://openalex.org/W2111883783","https://openalex.org/W2009028679","https://openalex.org/W2357424838","https://openalex.org/W2327601824","https://openalex.org/W4237142086","https://openalex.org/W2161102362"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Multilevel":[0],"image":[1,8,16,185],"thresholding":[2,17],"is":[3,66,94,109],"an":[4,53,89,120],"important":[5],"technique":[6],"for":[7],"processing.":[9],"However,":[10],"the":[11,21,24,30,47,70,75,83,98,113,128,133,136,140,143,160,163,170,175,183],"computational":[12],"complexity":[13],"of":[14,26,40,135,142],"multilevel":[15,72],"grows":[18],"exponentially":[19],"with":[20,159],"increase":[22,132],"in":[23,162],"number":[25],"thresholds":[27,177],"when":[28],"using":[29,59],"exhaustive":[31],"searching":[32],"method.":[33],"To":[34],"address":[35],"this":[36,51],"problem,":[37],"a":[38,104],"plenty":[39],"heuristic":[41],"algorithms":[42,148],"are":[43,79,125,155],"applied":[44,126],"to":[45,68,81,96,111,127,157],"search":[46,173],"optimal":[48,71,176],"thresholds.":[49],"In":[50,74],"paper,":[52],"improved":[54],"flower":[55,84],"pollination":[56,85,107],"algorithm":[57,86],"(IFPA)":[58],"Tsallis":[60],"entropy":[61],"as":[62,150],"its":[63],"objective":[64],"function":[65],"presented":[67],"find":[69],"thresholding.":[73],"IFPA,":[76],"three":[77,146],"modifications":[78],"utilized":[80],"enhance":[82],"(FPA).":[87],"First,":[88],"adaptive":[90],"switch":[91],"probability":[92],"method":[93],"used":[95],"balance":[97],"local":[99,106,117],"and":[100,122,153,180],"global":[101],"pollination.":[102],"Second,":[103],"new":[105],"strategy":[108],"adopted":[110],"avoid":[112],"population":[114],"falling":[115],"into":[116],"optimum.":[118],"Third,":[119],"crossover":[121],"selection":[123],"operations":[124],"FPA":[129],"which":[130],"can":[131,172,181],"diversity":[134],"population,":[137],"then":[138],"enhancing":[139],"performance":[141],"FPA.":[144],"Subsequently,":[145],"different":[147],"such":[149],"FPA,":[151],"GSA":[152],"DE":[154],"introduced":[156],"compare":[158],"IFPA":[161,171],"experiments.":[164],"The":[165],"experimental":[166],"results":[167],"demonstrated":[168],"that":[169],"out":[174],"effectively,":[178],"accurately":[179],"obtain":[182],"best":[184],"segmentation":[186],"quality.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
