{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2993825898","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2953173","title":"BiN: A Two-Level Learning-Based Bug Search for Cross-Architecture Binary","display_name":"BiN: A Two-Level Learning-Based Bug Search for Cross-Architecture Binary","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2993825898","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2953173","mag":"2993825898"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2953173","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2953173","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08920168.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08920168.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100702420","display_name":"Hao Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0236-1470"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Mathematical Engineering and Advanced Computing, Zhengzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0236-1470","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Mathematical Engineering and Advanced Computing, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103078504","display_name":"Hui Shu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2797-1355"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hui Shu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Mathematical Engineering and Advanced Computing, Zhengzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Mathematical Engineering and Advanced Computing, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103088653","display_name":"Fei Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2545-4079"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fei Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Mathematical Engineering and Advanced Computing, Zhengzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Mathematical Engineering and Advanced Computing, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025092456","display_name":"Xiaobing Xiong","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaobing Xiong","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Mathematical Engineering and Advanced Computing, Zhengzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Mathematical Engineering and Advanced Computing, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.4908,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64282129,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"169548","last_page":"169564"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8668086528778076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/executable","display_name":"Executable","score":0.7145163416862488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-flow-graph","display_name":"Control flow graph","score":0.5518921613693237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.5056140422821045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.49654680490493774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-code","display_name":"Binary code","score":0.4426421523094177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.4237402379512787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.4183712899684906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.4134679138660431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.4079980254173279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.35030221939086914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3304741680622101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.19546747207641602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.1599116027355194}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8668086528778076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160145156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778586","display_name":"Executable","level":2,"score":0.7145163416862488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27458966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1187693","display_name":"Control flow graph","level":2,"score":0.5518921613693237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.5056140422821045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.49654680490493774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63435697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864135","display_name":"Binary code","level":3,"score":0.4426421523094177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.4237402379512787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.4183712899684906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.4134679138660431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4079980254173279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.35030221939086914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3304741680622101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.19546747207641602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.1599116027355194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2953173","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2953173","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08920168.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a04c39ae2bbe4e848eb22ecf6359c413","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a04c39ae2bbe4e848eb22ecf6359c413","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 169548-169564 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2953173","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2953173","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08920168.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.49000000953674316,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2993825898.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2993825898.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W157706324","https://openalex.org/W1942295288","https://openalex.org/W1984978725","https://openalex.org/W2025742135","https://openalex.org/W2043118292","https://openalex.org/W2061884904","https://openalex.org/W2068211976","https://openalex.org/W2079354980","https://openalex.org/W2083278176","https://openalex.org/W2139542677","https://openalex.org/W2154851992","https://openalex.org/W2170607286","https://openalex.org/W2299115575","https://openalex.org/W2406734572","https://openalex.org/W2516577067","https://openalex.org/W2519927870","https://openalex.org/W2532962075","https://openalex.org/W2547625248","https://openalex.org/W2576376563","https://openalex.org/W2577142429","https://openalex.org/W2602815560","https://openalex.org/W2605158125","https://openalex.org/W2606537796","https://openalex.org/W2607500032","https://openalex.org/W2738698128","https://openalex.org/W2749008552","https://openalex.org/W2752559890","https://openalex.org/W2792247670","https://openalex.org/W2884769489","https://openalex.org/W2888320512","https://openalex.org/W2888698761","https://openalex.org/W2899258546","https://openalex.org/W2910153088","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2964015378","https://openalex.org/W2964321699","https://openalex.org/W3105926539","https://openalex.org/W4212817109","https://openalex.org/W4297733535","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W6670238377","https://openalex.org/W6671870394","https://openalex.org/W6697873463","https://openalex.org/W6713987737","https://openalex.org/W6720006811","https://openalex.org/W6726873649","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6743552807","https://openalex.org/W6756131720","https://openalex.org/W6759229479"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2072545813","https://openalex.org/W2080046362","https://openalex.org/W4235791654","https://openalex.org/W2481095806","https://openalex.org/W4360764843","https://openalex.org/W2767373589","https://openalex.org/W1493441259","https://openalex.org/W2114973564","https://openalex.org/W2013428639","https://openalex.org/W2408379794"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,9,20,31,35,40,68,90,100,126,130,169,187,201,207,210],"popularity":[2],"of":[3,6,12,23,34,37,92,113,175,190,206],"IoT":[4,24],"(Internet":[5],"Things)":[7],"devices,":[8,25],"security":[10],"risks":[11],"these":[13],"devices":[14],"are":[15,27],"increasing.":[16],"However,":[17],"due":[18,88],"to":[19,48,63,70,89,167,215],"multisource":[21],"heterogeneity":[22],"there":[26],"significant":[28],"differences":[29,128,174],"between":[30,213],"vulnerability":[32,42,115,145],"detection":[33],"Internet":[36],"Things":[38],"and":[39,172,192,197,209],"PC-based":[41],"search":[43,50,116,146],"method.":[44],"Therefore,":[45],"determining":[46],"how":[47],"accurate":[49,219],"for":[51,118],"vulnerabilities":[52],"in":[53,129],"large-scale":[54,143],"cross-platform":[55,142],"binary":[56,85,144,176],"executable":[57],"files":[58,177],"is":[59,156],"an":[60],"urgent":[61],"problem":[62,72],"be":[64,105],"solved.":[65],"At":[66],"present,":[67],"solution":[69],"this":[71,138],"mostly":[73],"calculates":[74],"code":[75,103],"similarities":[76],"by":[77,134,179],"generating":[78],"a":[79,141,161,217],"CFG":[80],"(control":[81],"flow":[82,204],"graph)":[83],"from":[84,200],"code,":[86],"but":[87],"choice":[91],"architecture,":[93],"OS":[94],"(operating":[95],"system)":[96],"or":[97],"compilation":[98,136,181],"options,":[99],"same":[101],"source":[102],"will":[104],"compiled":[106],"into":[107],"different":[108,135,180],"assembly":[109,131],"codes.":[110],"The":[111,154],"performance":[112],"existing":[114],"methods":[117],"cross-architecture":[119],"binaries":[120],"has":[121],"been":[122],"challenged.":[123],"To":[124],"alleviate":[125],"vast":[127],"codes":[132],"caused":[133,178],"scenarios,":[137],"paper":[139],"proposes":[140],"method":[147,166],"based":[148],"on":[149],"two-level":[150],"feature":[151],"semantic":[152,221],"learning.":[153],"contribution":[155],"that":[157],"we":[158,184],"have":[159],"defined":[160],"new":[162],"functional":[163,220],"structured":[164],"signature":[165],"mitigate":[168],"massive":[170],"grammatical":[171],"structural":[173],"environments.":[182],"Moreover,":[183],"reasonably":[185],"integrate":[186],"hierarchical":[188],"model":[189],"Structure2Vec":[191],"GAT":[193],"(graph":[194],"attention":[195],"network)":[196],"implement":[198],"training":[199],"internal":[202],"control":[203],"characteristics":[205],"function":[208],"call":[211],"relationship":[212],"functions":[214],"obtain":[216],"more":[218],"expression.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T08:27:34.040176","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}