{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2988721764","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2951763","title":"Automatic Vehicle-Pedestrian Conflict Identification With Trajectories of Road Users Extracted From Roadside LiDAR Sensors Using a Rule-Based Method","display_name":"Automatic Vehicle-Pedestrian Conflict Identification With Trajectories of Road Users Extracted From Roadside LiDAR Sensors Using a Rule-Based Method","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2988721764","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2951763","mag":"2988721764"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2951763","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2951763","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08892489.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08892489.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Bin Lv","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2642-398X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3133134087","display_name":"Lanzhou Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/03144pv92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3133134087"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bin Lv","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Traffic and Transportation, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2642-398X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Traffic and Transportation, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3133134087"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101673500","display_name":"Renjuan Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4319-9529"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109718","display_name":"Shandong Transportation Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01wcts620","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210109718"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Renjuan Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Qilu Transportation, Shandong University, Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4319-9529","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Qilu Transportation, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109718","https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Hongbo Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7085-4365"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109718","display_name":"Shandong Transportation Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01wcts620","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210109718"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongbo Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Qilu Transportation, Shandong University, Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7085-4365","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Qilu Transportation, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109718","https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078176055","display_name":"Hao Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1314-4540"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134113660","display_name":"University of Nevada, Reno","ror":"https://ror.org/01keh0577","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134113660"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134113660"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103249923","display_name":"Rui Yue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8835-2056"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134113660","display_name":"University of Nevada, Reno","ror":"https://ror.org/01keh0577","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134113660"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Yue","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8835-2056","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134113660"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":3.127,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":36,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90860724,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"161594","last_page":"161606"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10524","display_name":"Traffic control and management","score":0.9898999929428101,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedestrian","display_name":"Pedestrian","score":0.8251387476921082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7061700820922852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.6358228325843811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.6158435344696045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crash","display_name":"Crash","score":0.5733746886253357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranging","display_name":"Ranging","score":0.4972522556781769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collision","display_name":"Collision","score":0.48903688788414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collision-avoidance","display_name":"Collision avoidance","score":0.4572020471096039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.337935209274292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.22515711188316345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.18966147303581238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.12358078360557556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.07552310824394226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.07461696863174438}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777113093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221488","display_name":"Pedestrian","level":2,"score":0.8251387476921082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7061700820922852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.6358228325843811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6158435344696045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183469790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333501","display_name":"Crash","level":2,"score":0.5733746886253357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.4972522556781769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121704057","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352070","display_name":"Collision","level":2,"score":0.48903688788414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780864053","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5147495","display_name":"Collision avoidance","level":3,"score":0.4572020471096039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.337935209274292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.22515711188316345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.18966147303581238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.12358078360557556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.07552310824394226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.07461696863174438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2951763","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2951763","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08892489.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c01492f8d4b2473c811b0b6f2e8a42c0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c01492f8d4b2473c811b0b6f2e8a42c0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 161594-161606 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2951763","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2951763","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08892489.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.47999998927116394,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6038527787","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u6f14\u5316\u535a\u5f08\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u4ea4\u901a\u7f51\u7edc\u8def\u5f84\u9009\u62e9\u6a21\u578b\u4e0e\u7b97\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61463027","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6751464986","display_name":"\u968f\u673a\u73af\u5883\u4e0b\u516c\u4ea4\u4f18\u5148\u63a7\u5236\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61463026","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325566","display_name":"Lanzhou Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/03144pv92"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2988721764.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2988721764.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1842501785","https://openalex.org/W1983219589","https://openalex.org/W1999845506","https://openalex.org/W2007978129","https://openalex.org/W2010786614","https://openalex.org/W2023688591","https://openalex.org/W2046017949","https://openalex.org/W2049573393","https://openalex.org/W2087474363","https://openalex.org/W2094437601","https://openalex.org/W2130632867","https://openalex.org/W2151588153","https://openalex.org/W2154373748","https://openalex.org/W2155791515","https://openalex.org/W2157114591","https://openalex.org/W2158652547","https://openalex.org/W2161231437","https://openalex.org/W2161309151","https://openalex.org/W2342824295","https://openalex.org/W2520420456","https://openalex.org/W2552864711","https://openalex.org/W2754984854","https://openalex.org/W2765107760","https://openalex.org/W2792402634","https://openalex.org/W2800152030","https://openalex.org/W2805899829","https://openalex.org/W2886005246","https://openalex.org/W2894415171","https://openalex.org/W2897790791","https://openalex.org/W2909746114","https://openalex.org/W2911428069","https://openalex.org/W2914658065","https://openalex.org/W2914680229","https://openalex.org/W2918085197","https://openalex.org/W2920128915","https://openalex.org/W2933277077","https://openalex.org/W2942778630","https://openalex.org/W2944278099","https://openalex.org/W2944398471","https://openalex.org/W2945926083","https://openalex.org/W2946319543","https://openalex.org/W2947240406","https://openalex.org/W2963563705","https://openalex.org/W3008960059","https://openalex.org/W4244980629","https://openalex.org/W6682923203","https://openalex.org/W6750670078","https://openalex.org/W6759407870","https://openalex.org/W6760965768","https://openalex.org/W6774630496"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2783354812","https://openalex.org/W4384112194","https://openalex.org/W2103009189","https://openalex.org/W4312958259","https://openalex.org/W4308259661","https://openalex.org/W4390813131","https://openalex.org/W2349383066","https://openalex.org/W4328132048","https://openalex.org/W2594043982","https://openalex.org/W3036493597"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Vehicle-pedestrian":[0],"conflicts":[1,72,185,188],"have":[2],"been":[3],"the":[4,25,31,38,42,56,61,78,82,87,113,117,124,155,162,165,170],"major":[5],"concern":[6],"for":[7,16,99],"traffic":[8,58],"safety.":[9],"Surrogate":[10],"safety":[11,18,28],"measures":[12,29],"are":[13],"widely":[14,138],"applied":[15],"pedestrian":[17],"evaluation.":[19],"However,":[20],"how":[21],"to":[22,37,54,94,145,168,182],"quickly":[23],"identify":[24,183],"vehicle-pedestrian":[26,71,100,129],"surrogate":[27],"at":[30,173],"individual":[32],"site":[33],"is":[34],"challenging":[35],"due":[36],"difficulty":[39],"of":[40,45,86,116],"obtaining":[41],"high-resolution":[43,57],"trajectories":[44,59,79],"road":[46],"users.":[47],"This":[48],"paper":[49],"presented":[50],"an":[51],"effective":[52],"method":[53,98,126,167,178],"generate":[55],"from":[60,77,154],"roadside":[62],"deployed":[63],"Light":[64],"Detection":[65],"and":[66],"Ranging":[67],"(LiDAR)":[68],"sensor.":[69],"The":[70,89,102,119,133,157,176],"can":[73,91,104,127,150,159,179],"then":[74],"be":[75,92,105,151,180],"identified":[76],"simply":[80],"using":[81],"speed-distance":[83],"profile":[84],"(SDP)":[85],"vehicles.":[88],"SDP":[90],"used":[93,139],"develop":[95],"a":[96,147],"rule-based":[97,125,166],"identification.":[101],"events":[103,131],"divided":[106],"into":[107],"different":[108,174],"risk":[109],"levels":[110],"based":[111],"on":[112],"spatial":[114],"distribution":[115],"SDP.":[118,156],"case":[120],"study":[121],"shows":[122],"that":[123],"detect":[128],"near-crash":[130],"effectively.":[132],"other":[134],"indicators,":[135],"such":[136],"as":[137],"time-to-collision":[140],"(TTC)":[141],"or":[142,186],"deceleration":[143],"rate":[144],"avoid":[146],"crash":[148],"(DRAC),":[149],"also":[152,160],"obtained":[153],"engineers":[158],"adjust":[161],"thresholds":[163],"in":[164,189],"meet":[169],"specific":[171],"requirements":[172],"sites.":[175],"proposed":[177],"extended":[181],"vehicle-vehicle":[184],"vehicle-bicycle":[187],"future":[190],"studies.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}