{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2981599436","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2949739","title":"2D Ray Tracing Analysis of a Dynamic Metasurface Antenna as a Smart Motion Detector","display_name":"2D Ray Tracing Analysis of a Dynamic Metasurface Antenna as a Smart Motion Detector","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2981599436","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2949739","mag":"2981599436"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2949739","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2949739","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08883251.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08883251.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063222131","display_name":"Oren S. Mizrahi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4271-8822"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106669","display_name":"Plasmonics (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01p8v8m79","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106669"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oren S. Mizrahi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for Metamaterials and Integrated Plasmonics, Duke University, Durham, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4271-8822","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for Metamaterials and Integrated Plasmonics, Duke University, Durham, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317","https://openalex.org/I4210106669"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058567223","display_name":"Mohammadreza F. Imani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2619-6358"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106669","display_name":"Plasmonics (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01p8v8m79","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106669"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammadreza F. Imani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for Metamaterials and Integrated Plasmonics, Duke University, Durham, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for Metamaterials and Integrated Plasmonics, Duke University, Durham, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317","https://openalex.org/I4210106669"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042516978","display_name":"Kenneth P. Trofatter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3008-313X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106669","display_name":"Plasmonics (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01p8v8m79","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106669"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K. Parker Trofatter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for Metamaterials and Integrated Plasmonics, Duke University, Durham, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for Metamaterials and Integrated Plasmonics, Duke University, Durham, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317","https://openalex.org/I4210106669"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046983268","display_name":"Jonah N. Gollub","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3941-1478"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106669","display_name":"Plasmonics (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01p8v8m79","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106669"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonah N. Gollub","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for Metamaterials and Integrated Plasmonics, Duke University, Durham, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for Metamaterials and Integrated Plasmonics, Duke University, Durham, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317","https://openalex.org/I4210106669"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042580914","display_name":"David R. Smith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4832-6208"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106669","display_name":"Plasmonics (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01p8v8m79","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106669"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David R. Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for Metamaterials and Integrated Plasmonics, Duke University, Durham, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for Metamaterials and Integrated Plasmonics, Duke University, Durham, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317","https://openalex.org/I4210106669"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.2422,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.56559594,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"159674","last_page":"159687"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.989799976348877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.6424918174743652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6396329402923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracing","display_name":"Tracing","score":0.5787639617919922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ray-tracing","display_name":"Ray tracing (physics)","score":0.49933695793151855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.44309842586517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.37703946232795715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3440738022327423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.3002181947231293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.11066237092018127}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.6424918174743652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6396329402923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138673069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322229","display_name":"Tracing","level":2,"score":0.5787639617919922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121483023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7298343","display_name":"Ray tracing (physics)","level":2,"score":0.49933695793151855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.44309842586517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.37703946232795715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3440738022327423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.3002181947231293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.11066237092018127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2949739","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2949739","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08883251.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f70bacccff0c47128802d4e904c49892","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f70bacccff0c47128802d4e904c49892","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 159674-159687 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:1613749","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1613749","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:1839827","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1839827","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:1861172","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1861172","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2949739","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2949739","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08883251.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6377733702","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AR0000937","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332276","funder_display_name":"Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G732832728","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AR0000937","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332276","display_name":"Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/03q1rgc19"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332815","display_name":"Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2981599436.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2981599436.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1498332621","https://openalex.org/W1894623711","https://openalex.org/W1968175153","https://openalex.org/W1969800070","https://openalex.org/W1972440681","https://openalex.org/W1994355061","https://openalex.org/W1998397706","https://openalex.org/W2008705190","https://openalex.org/W2014161185","https://openalex.org/W2023346859","https://openalex.org/W2029106694","https://openalex.org/W2029215130","https://openalex.org/W2038599582","https://openalex.org/W2044589927","https://openalex.org/W2065726711","https://openalex.org/W2101507453","https://openalex.org/W2103252230","https://openalex.org/W2105103777","https://openalex.org/W2108611194","https://openalex.org/W2108902912","https://openalex.org/W2110618891","https://openalex.org/W2112759888","https://openalex.org/W2116092561","https://openalex.org/W2126922686","https://openalex.org/W2131092967","https://openalex.org/W2136205989","https://openalex.org/W2142746476","https://openalex.org/W2149453623","https://openalex.org/W2162584972","https://openalex.org/W2172292165","https://openalex.org/W2180703727","https://openalex.org/W2295512501","https://openalex.org/W2340862004","https://openalex.org/W2351660952","https://openalex.org/W2395851066","https://openalex.org/W2494218935","https://openalex.org/W2520074218","https://openalex.org/W2558936952","https://openalex.org/W2563276102","https://openalex.org/W2581557729","https://openalex.org/W2716882564","https://openalex.org/W2734577592","https://openalex.org/W2769023261","https://openalex.org/W2771614308","https://openalex.org/W2799045344","https://openalex.org/W2806674070","https://openalex.org/W4210545731","https://openalex.org/W4293860566"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2054109135","https://openalex.org/W2888673113","https://openalex.org/W2012819262","https://openalex.org/W2056065966","https://openalex.org/W2120224698","https://openalex.org/W2352602608","https://openalex.org/W2366906938","https://openalex.org/W2062641654","https://openalex.org/W2043557177","https://openalex.org/W2349351862"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,113,123,153],"present":[1],"a":[2,6,12,29,49,60,76,119,146,200],"ray-tracing":[3],"analysis":[4],"of":[5,21,24,51,62,75,80,96,111,149,168],"smart":[7,201],"motion":[8,188,214],"detector":[9],"based":[10],"on":[11],"dynamically":[13],"reconfigurable":[14],"metasurface":[15],"antenna":[16],"(DMA).":[17],"A":[18],"DMA":[19,100],"consists":[20],"an":[22,63,89],"array":[23],"metamaterial":[25],"radiators":[26],"excited":[27],"by":[28,172],"single-port":[30],"waveguide":[31],"or":[32,78],"cavity.":[33],"By":[34],"incorporating":[35,197],"simple":[36],"switchable":[37],"components":[38],"into":[39,199],"each":[40],"element":[41],"and":[42,56,82,106,176,212],"addressing":[43],"them":[44,58],"individually,":[45],"DMAs":[46,198],"can":[47,102,208],"generate":[48],"myriad":[50],"spatially":[52],"distinct":[53],"radiation":[54],"patterns":[55,67],"alter":[57],"as":[59],"function":[61],"applied":[64],"voltage.":[65],"These":[66,190],"have":[68],"the":[69,94,99,126,150,166,169,193],"potential":[70],"to":[71,136,181,186],"probe":[72],"all":[73],"regions":[74],"room":[77],"set":[79],"rooms":[81],"detect":[83],"motion,":[84],"even":[85],"when":[86],"operating":[87],"over":[88],"extremely":[90],"narrow":[91],"bandwidth.":[92],"Through":[93],"acquisition":[95],"time-resolved":[97],"measurements,":[98],"sensor":[101,202],"retrieve":[103],"temporal":[104,157],"signatures":[105],"distinguish":[107,209],"between":[108,210],"different":[109],"sources":[110],"movements.":[112],"investigate":[114],"this":[115,161],"sensing":[116],"paradigm":[117],"using":[118,132,173],"ray":[120,140],"tracing":[121,141],"simulation.":[122],"first":[124,194],"replicate":[125],"trends":[127],"obtained":[128,159],"from":[129],"recent":[130],"experiments":[131],"our":[133],"simulation":[134],"platform":[135],"ensure":[137],"that":[138,144,156,184,207],"numerical":[139],"generates":[142],"data":[143],"is":[145],"faithful":[147],"representation":[148],"real-life":[151],"physics.":[152],"then":[154],"demonstrate":[155],"signals":[158],"in":[160],"manner":[162],"carry":[163],"information":[164],"about":[165],"nature":[167],"movement.":[170],"Specifically,":[171],"power":[174],"spectra":[175],"filtering,":[177],"we":[178],"are":[179],"able":[180],"extract":[182],"features":[183],"correspond":[185],"specific":[187],"patterns.":[189],"results":[191],"constitute":[192],"step":[195],"toward":[196],"equipped":[203],"with":[204,215],"learning":[205],"algorithms":[206],"human":[211],"non-human":[213],"high":[216],"fidelity.":[217]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
