{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2980772964","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2948104","title":"Analysis of the GNSS Code-Carrier Hardware Delay Difference in RTK Process: Effect, Measurement and Calibration","display_name":"Analysis of the GNSS Code-Carrier Hardware Delay Difference in RTK Process: Effect, Measurement and Calibration","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2980772964","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2948104","mag":"2980772964"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2948104","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2948104","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2948104","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102803274","display_name":"Zhibin Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4390-1346"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhibin Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067596538","display_name":"Shaojie Ni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4863-5182"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaojie Ni","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113034557","display_name":"Yi Lu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075111829","display_name":"Xiaomei Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0641-033X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaomei Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101428842","display_name":"Jian Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7937-3736"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102803274"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.3967,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74884974,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"153041","last_page":"153048"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12004","display_name":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11325","display_name":"Inertial Sensor and Navigation","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7599458694458008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.7377279996871948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calibration","display_name":"Calibration","score":0.47383198142051697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carrier-recovery","display_name":"Carrier recovery","score":0.47295400500297546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.46214377880096436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.4498976767063141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.4487145245075226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-kinematic","display_name":"Real Time Kinematic","score":0.41945287585258484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demodulation","display_name":"Demodulation","score":0.351936399936676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.3236998915672302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.18470430374145508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.15780794620513916}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7599458694458008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.7377279996871948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.47383198142051697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17877974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2375705","display_name":"Carrier recovery","level":4,"score":0.47295400500297546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.46214377880096436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.4498976767063141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.4487145245075226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93103318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980965","display_name":"Real Time Kinematic","level":4,"score":0.41945287585258484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195251586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1185939","display_name":"Demodulation","level":3,"score":0.351936399936676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3236998915672302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.18470430374145508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.15780794620513916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2948104","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2948104","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4503f0b4890743d2b4ba80687e563d4c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4503f0b4890743d2b4ba80687e563d4c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 153041-153048 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2948104","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2948104","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2937431977","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61601485","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W304861154","https://openalex.org/W2068657587","https://openalex.org/W2095093213","https://openalex.org/W2148255198","https://openalex.org/W2155707654","https://openalex.org/W2162335819","https://openalex.org/W2535888575","https://openalex.org/W2570906640","https://openalex.org/W2923443844","https://openalex.org/W6760490718"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3128838603","https://openalex.org/W1924191525","https://openalex.org/W14789656","https://openalex.org/W2388059905","https://openalex.org/W2198170976","https://openalex.org/W2377859989","https://openalex.org/W1873648887","https://openalex.org/W9706003","https://openalex.org/W4229074657","https://openalex.org/W1543145586"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,73,144,183],"satellite":[1,135],"navigation":[2],"receivers,":[3],"the":[4,23,32,44,52,60,64,69,78,84,89,95,100,110,133,147,166,172,194,210,216,223,231,235],"hardware":[5,25,56,80,169,198,227],"delays":[6],"of":[7,14,34,54,196,225],"code":[8],"and":[9,36,63,83,192,234],"carrier":[10,45,168,173],"are":[11,161],"different":[12,16,202],"because":[13,171],"their":[15],"tracking":[17],"processes,":[18],"which":[19],"is":[20,178],"called":[21],"as":[22,97,99],"code-carrier":[24,55,79,197,226],"delay":[26,57,81,170,199,228],"difference.":[27],"This":[28],"difference":[29,58,200],"depends":[30],"on":[31,109],"condition":[33],"receivers":[35],"varies":[37],"from":[38],"one":[39],"to":[40,117,126,150,164,180,190],"another.":[41],"Therefore,":[42],"in":[43,122],"phase":[46,174],"RTK":[47,107,157,217],"(real-time":[48],"kinematic)":[49],"position":[50],"process,":[51],"bias":[53,96,115,148,195,224],"between":[59,201,230],"base":[61,232],"receiver":[62,66,167,233],"moving":[65,236],"will":[67],"cause":[68],"baseline":[70,90,119,218],"resolution":[71,91,120,219],"error.":[72],"this":[74,184],"article,":[75,185],"we":[76,186],"analyze":[77],"difference,":[82],"theoretical":[85],"derivation":[86],"shows":[87],"that":[88,145,209],"error":[92,121,130,220],"increases":[93],"with":[94],"well":[98],"signal":[101],"Doppler":[102],"frequency.":[103],"For":[104],"a":[105,112,118,127,188],"static":[106],"user":[108],"ground,":[111],"microsecond":[113],"level":[114,129],"leads":[116],"millimeter":[123],"level,":[124],"compared":[125],"centimeter":[128],"caused":[131,221],"by":[132,222],"LEO":[134],"whose":[136],"speed":[137],"can":[138,213],"reach":[139],"several":[140],"kilometers":[141],"per":[142],"second.":[143],"case,":[146],"needs":[149],"be":[151,181],"calibrated":[152],"for":[153],"those":[154],"high":[155],"precision":[156],"applications.":[158],"However,":[159],"there":[160],"few":[162],"researches":[163],"calibrate":[165,193],"measurement":[175],"integral":[176],"ambiguity":[177],"difficult":[179],"measured.":[182],"propose":[187],"method":[189,212],"measure":[191],"receivers.":[203],"Real":[204],"data":[205],"test":[206],"results":[207],"show":[208],"proposed":[211],"effectively":[214],"eliminate":[215],"differences":[229],"receiver.":[237]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}