{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2980440927","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2947613","title":"Lightweight Blockchain for Healthcare","display_name":"Lightweight Blockchain for Healthcare","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2980440927","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2947613","mag":"2980440927"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2947613","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2947613","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08869754.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08869754.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000395681","display_name":"Leila Ismail","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0946-1818"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201726411","display_name":"United Arab Emirates University","ror":"https://ror.org/01km6p862","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leila Ismail","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Technology, UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0946-1818","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Technology, UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041785111","display_name":"Huned Materwala","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3176-245X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201726411","display_name":"United Arab Emirates University","ror":"https://ror.org/01km6p862","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huned Materwala","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Technology, UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3176-245X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Technology, UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002810652","display_name":"Sherali Zeadally","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5982-8190"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143302722","display_name":"University of Kentucky","ror":"https://ror.org/02k3smh20","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sherali Zeadally","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Communication and Information, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Communication and Information, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":45.3065,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":252,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99776351,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"149935","last_page":"149951"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9728999733924866,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9657999873161316,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7859922647476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6762608289718628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/single-point-of-failure","display_name":"Single point of failure","score":0.6516441106796265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.5571122169494629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.5073990225791931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care","display_name":"Health care","score":0.44363197684288025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.35523802042007446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.2028842568397522}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7859922647476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6762608289718628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165136773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1363179","display_name":"Single point of failure","level":2,"score":0.6516441106796265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.5571122169494629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.5073990225791931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.44363197684288025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.35523802042007446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.2028842568397522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2947613","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2947613","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08869754.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a8e469254e7a4268bd4d4623c6c8eaa2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a8e469254e7a4268bd4d4623c6c8eaa2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 149935-149951 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2947613","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2947613","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08869754.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8500000238418579}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G935808664","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"31R101","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323593","funder_display_name":"United Arab Emirates University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323593","display_name":"United Arab Emirates University","ror":"https://ror.org/01km6p862"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2980440927.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2980440927.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W893234787","https://openalex.org/W1553435762","https://openalex.org/W1572490578","https://openalex.org/W1600255172","https://openalex.org/W1972675802","https://openalex.org/W1977229783","https://openalex.org/W1983472973","https://openalex.org/W1997911919","https://openalex.org/W2000559248","https://openalex.org/W2009540753","https://openalex.org/W2025979508","https://openalex.org/W2030877481","https://openalex.org/W2049273301","https://openalex.org/W2063930612","https://openalex.org/W2069323839","https://openalex.org/W2108834246","https://openalex.org/W2123538214","https://openalex.org/W2126087831","https://openalex.org/W2133645359","https://openalex.org/W2165362483","https://openalex.org/W2188530018","https://openalex.org/W2189454883","https://openalex.org/W2415577261","https://openalex.org/W2416586052","https://openalex.org/W2514994441","https://openalex.org/W2522448907","https://openalex.org/W2561097737","https://openalex.org/W2606467208","https://openalex.org/W2613387059","https://openalex.org/W2729396025","https://openalex.org/W2738122318","https://openalex.org/W2786151040","https://openalex.org/W2789950367","https://openalex.org/W2791935104","https://openalex.org/W2797838170","https://openalex.org/W2799719933","https://openalex.org/W2802745431","https://openalex.org/W2805383889","https://openalex.org/W2805677640","https://openalex.org/W2807965149","https://openalex.org/W2808579374","https://openalex.org/W2809092276","https://openalex.org/W2809143401","https://openalex.org/W2810381494","https://openalex.org/W2845081339","https://openalex.org/W2883123626","https://openalex.org/W2886180210","https://openalex.org/W2897450989","https://openalex.org/W2899742646","https://openalex.org/W2901185019","https://openalex.org/W2949656921","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W6678832241","https://openalex.org/W6686884436","https://openalex.org/W6715964689","https://openalex.org/W6716534296","https://openalex.org/W6756941442"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W4386732777","https://openalex.org/W3211706803","https://openalex.org/W4382775358","https://openalex.org/W4246942721","https://openalex.org/W3209862047","https://openalex.org/W4388131927","https://openalex.org/W3195581271","https://openalex.org/W2388889456"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Healthcare":[0],"data":[1,32,44,47,151],"management":[2,33,82,152],"has":[3],"been":[4],"gaining":[5],"a":[6,63,123,126,144,195,203,285],"lot":[7],"of":[8,14,39,42,60,75,79,86,138,176,186,197,219,272,287,301],"attention":[9],"in":[10,66,93,211,223,289],"recent":[11,88],"years":[12],"because":[13],"its":[15],"high":[16,111],"potential":[17],"to":[18,134,161,205,229,265],"provide":[19],"more":[20],"accurate":[21],"and":[22,29,49,55,57,116,131,157,172,191,226,237,292],"cost-efficient":[23],"patient":[24],"care.":[25],"The":[26,52],"traditional":[27],"client-server":[28],"cloud-based":[30],"healthcare":[31,68,95,140,150],"systems":[34],"suffer":[35],"from":[36,107],"the":[37,67,76,80,87,94,101,136,139,149,155,162,167,177,184,212,217,230,247,266,270,299],"issues":[38,78],"single":[40],"point":[41],"failure,":[43],"privacy,":[45],"centralized":[46],"stewardship,":[48],"system":[50],"vulnerability.":[51],"replication":[53],"mechanism,":[54],"privacy":[56,227],"security":[58,225],"features":[59],"blockchain":[61,92,133,146],"have":[62,97],"promising":[64],"future":[65],"domain":[69,96],"as":[70,110,269],"they":[71],"can":[72],"solve":[73],"some":[74],"inherent":[77],"health":[81],"system.":[83],"However,":[84],"most":[85],"research":[89],"works":[90],"on":[91,100],"primarily":[98],"focused":[99],"permission-less":[102],"Bitcoin":[103,163,213,231,267],"network":[104,164,168,198,232,262,268,296],"that":[105,153,188,254],"suffers":[106],"drawbacks":[108],"such":[109],"energy":[112],"consumption,":[113],"limited":[114],"scalability,":[115],"low":[117],"transaction":[118],"throughput.":[119],"Consequently,":[120],"there":[121],"is":[122,209,278],"need":[124],"for":[125,148],"scalable,":[127],"fault-tolerant,":[128],"secure,":[129],"traceable":[130],"private":[132],"suit":[135],"requirements":[137],"domain.":[141],"We":[142,215,239],"propose":[143,202],"lightweight":[145],"architecture":[147,182,222,245,257,283],"reduces":[154],"computational":[156],"communication":[158],"overhead":[159],"compared":[160,228,264],"by":[165,233],"dividing":[166],"participants":[169],"into":[170],"clusters":[171],"maintaining":[173],"one":[174],"copy":[175],"ledger":[178,276,290],"per":[179],"cluster.":[180],"Our":[181,250,275,282],"introduces":[183],"use":[185],"canal,":[187],"allows":[189],"secure":[190],"confidential":[192],"transactions":[193],"within":[194],"group":[196],"participants.":[199],"Furthermore,":[200],"we":[201],"solution":[204],"avoid":[206],"forking":[207],"which":[208],"prevalent":[210],"network.":[214],"demonstrate":[216,253],"effectiveness":[218],"our":[220,243,255],"proposed":[221,244,256],"providing":[224],"analyzing":[234],"different":[235],"threats":[236],"attacks.":[238],"also":[240],"discuss":[241],"how":[242],"addresses":[246],"identified":[248],"threats.":[249],"experimental":[251],"results":[252],"generates":[258],"11":[259],"times":[260,280,294],"lower":[261,295],"traffic":[263,297],"number":[271,300],"blocks":[273],"increases.":[274,303],"update":[277,291],"1.13":[279],"faster.":[281],"shows":[284],"speedup":[286],"67%":[288],"10":[293],"when":[298],"nodes":[302]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":40},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":52},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":54},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":52},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":12}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
