{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2980001345","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2946659","title":"Improved Multi-Agent Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient for Path Planning-Based Crowd Simulation","display_name":"Improved Multi-Agent Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient for Path Planning-Based Crowd Simulation","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2980001345","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2946659","mag":"2980001345"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2946659","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2946659","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08865095.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08865095.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081180565","display_name":"Shangfei Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7286-5631"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shangfei Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Distributed Computer Software Novel Technology, Jinan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Distributed Computer Software Novel Technology, Jinan, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100410287","display_name":"Hong Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1007-6135"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hong Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Distributed Computer Software Novel Technology, Jinan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Distributed Computer Software Novel Technology, Jinan, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081180565"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":7.4741,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":85,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97687159,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"147755","last_page":"147770"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11500","display_name":"Evacuation and Crowd Dynamics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11500","display_name":"Evacuation and Crowd Dynamics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10524","display_name":"Traffic control and management","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9909999966621399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.8390882015228271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crowds","display_name":"Crowds","score":0.8328869342803955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7883623838424683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crowd-simulation","display_name":"Crowd simulation","score":0.7534654140472412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motion-planning","display_name":"Motion planning","score":0.6629072427749634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/path","display_name":"Path (computing)","score":0.5210592150688171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.45634400844573975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4397795498371124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.4164508283138275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.4097691774368286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.38618412613868713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.1367175281047821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.12606725096702576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.1217944324016571}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.8390882015228271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777852691","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13430821","display_name":"Crowds","level":2,"score":0.8328869342803955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7883623838424683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45617602","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q465266","display_name":"Crowd simulation","level":3,"score":0.7534654140472412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81074085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q366872","display_name":"Motion planning","level":3,"score":0.6629072427749634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765","display_name":"Path (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5210592150688171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.45634400844573975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4397795498371124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.4164508283138275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.4097691774368286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.38618412613868713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.1367175281047821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.12606725096702576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.1217944324016571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2946659","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2946659","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08865095.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f1c103a658d8479f943e594a29828bd1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f1c103a658d8479f943e594a29828bd1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 147755-147770 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2946659","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2946659","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08865095.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.6200000047683716,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1023919524","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", Grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1231421488","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"under","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G37568934","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391238517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4933178603","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61876102","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5225423031","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61272094","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5251147726","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61472232","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2980001345.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2980001345.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1464059023","https://openalex.org/W1504411444","https://openalex.org/W1515851193","https://openalex.org/W1542941925","https://openalex.org/W1757796397","https://openalex.org/W1977556410","https://openalex.org/W1997880753","https://openalex.org/W2003694457","https://openalex.org/W2053025554","https://openalex.org/W2084136262","https://openalex.org/W2097729326","https://openalex.org/W2099618002","https://openalex.org/W2124175081","https://openalex.org/W2135674171","https://openalex.org/W2142943472","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2155968351","https://openalex.org/W2156737235","https://openalex.org/W2173248099","https://openalex.org/W2239118222","https://openalex.org/W2345063721","https://openalex.org/W2398196411","https://openalex.org/W2521425432","https://openalex.org/W2537357172","https://openalex.org/W2556672881","https://openalex.org/W2559888775","https://openalex.org/W2600765373","https://openalex.org/W2606430242","https://openalex.org/W2610192587","https://openalex.org/W2612102354","https://openalex.org/W2746553466","https://openalex.org/W2768919152","https://openalex.org/W2772896909","https://openalex.org/W2783848667","https://openalex.org/W2785315072","https://openalex.org/W2791797404","https://openalex.org/W2793998795","https://openalex.org/W2794024623","https://openalex.org/W2797880127","https://openalex.org/W2891816981","https://openalex.org/W2895332767","https://openalex.org/W2897780214","https://openalex.org/W2904561502","https://openalex.org/W2920069724","https://openalex.org/W2951799221","https://openalex.org/W2963864421","https://openalex.org/W4214717370","https://openalex.org/W4237295831","https://openalex.org/W4297755719","https://openalex.org/W4298857966","https://openalex.org/W4299802797","https://openalex.org/W6637531106","https://openalex.org/W6637967152","https://openalex.org/W6678114464","https://openalex.org/W6683195989","https://openalex.org/W6684921986","https://openalex.org/W6685444567","https://openalex.org/W6712760416","https://openalex.org/W6738796088","https://openalex.org/W6747941106"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2036586770","https://openalex.org/W2094931707","https://openalex.org/W2911613207","https://openalex.org/W2944838502","https://openalex.org/W3043995842","https://openalex.org/W2535198484","https://openalex.org/W2060401867","https://openalex.org/W4230189742","https://openalex.org/W2559730559","https://openalex.org/W2077952221"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0,165],"reinforcement":[1,12,117],"learning":[2,13],"(DRL)":[3],"has":[4],"been":[5],"proved":[6],"to":[7,22,37,144,177,187,217,231],"be":[8],"more":[9,23],"suitable":[10],"than":[11],"for":[14,89,103],"path":[15,29,106,205],"planning":[16,30,87,194,206],"in":[17,31,67,196,234],"large-scale":[18,104],"scenarios.":[19],"In":[20,52],"order":[21],"effectively":[24],"complete":[25],"the":[26,39,45,48,94,119,122,137,146,155,162,173,179,189,203,214,219,226,239,243,251],"DRL-based":[27],"collaborative":[28,193],"crowd":[32,68,90,105,123,244],"evacuation,":[33],"it":[34,54,135],"is":[35,55,141,211],"necessary":[36],"consider":[38],"space":[40],"expansion":[41],"problem":[42],"brought":[43],"by":[44],"increase":[46],"of":[47,50,113,148,157,181,191,253],"number":[49],"agents.":[51],"addition,":[53],"often":[56],"faced":[57],"with":[58,131,242],"complicated":[59],"circumstances,":[60],"such":[61],"as":[62],"exit":[63],"selection":[64],"and":[65,126,128,222],"congestion":[66,114,138,149],"evacuation.":[69],"However,":[70],"few":[71],"existing":[72],"works":[73],"have":[74],"integrated":[75],"these":[76],"two":[77],"aspects":[78],"jointly.":[79],"To":[80],"solve":[81,218],"this":[82,158],"problem,":[83],"we":[84,109,160,201,237],"propose":[85,110,161],"a":[86,111,132,192],"approach":[88],"evacuation":[91,101],"based":[92,212],"on":[93,213],"improved":[95,163],"DRL":[96],"algorithm,":[97,170],"which":[98,171,208],"will":[99],"improve":[100],"efficiency":[102],"planning.":[107],"First,":[108],"framework":[112,120],"detection-based":[115],"multi-agent":[116,133],"learning,":[118],"divides":[121],"into":[124],"leaders":[125,130],"followers":[127],"simulates":[129],"system,":[134],"considers":[136],"detection":[139],"area":[140],"set":[142],"up":[143],"evaluate":[145],"degree":[147],"at":[150],"each":[151],"exit.":[152],"Next,":[153],"under":[154],"specification":[156],"framework,":[159],"Multi-Agent":[164],"Deterministic":[166],"Policy":[167],"Gradient":[168],"(IMADDPG)":[169],"adds":[172],"mean":[174],"field":[175],"network":[176],"maximize":[178,188],"returns":[180],"other":[182],"agents,":[183],"enables":[184],"all":[185],"agents":[186],"performance":[190],"task":[195],"our":[197,254],"training":[198],"period.":[199],"Then,":[200],"implement":[202],"hierarchical":[204],"method,":[207],"upper":[209],"layer":[210,224],"IMADDPG":[215],"algorithm":[216],"global":[220],"path,":[221],"lower":[223],"uses":[225],"reciprocal":[227],"velocity":[228],"obstacles":[229],"method":[230,241],"avoid":[232],"collisions":[233],"crowds.":[235],"Finally,":[236],"simulate":[238],"proposed":[240],"simulation":[245],"system.":[246],"The":[247],"experimental":[248],"results":[249],"show":[250],"effectiveness":[252],"method.":[255]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-04-18T07:56:08.524223","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}