{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2979752067","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2946401","title":"Analyzing the Leading Causes of Traffic Fatalities Using XGBoost and Grid-Based Analysis: A City Management Perspective","display_name":"Analyzing the Leading Causes of Traffic Fatalities Using XGBoost and Grid-Based Analysis: A City Management Perspective","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2979752067","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2946401","mag":"2979752067"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2946401","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2946401","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08863366.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08863366.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100678896","display_name":"Jun Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3728-9157"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029917147","display_name":"Yuexiong Ding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6574-6522"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuexiong Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Research and Development, Big Bay Innovation Research and Development Limited, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Research and Development, Big Bay Innovation Research and Development Limited, Hong Kong","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088561209","display_name":"Jack C.P. Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1722-2617"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jack C. P. Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065498068","display_name":"Yi Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8902-4778"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Civil Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Civil Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041947723","display_name":"Vincent J.L. Gan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2954-301X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vincent J. L. Gan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101532052","display_name":"Jingcheng Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3325-5002"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingcheng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenzhen Mariocode Science and Technology Company Ltd., Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3325-5002","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Mariocode Science and Technology Company Ltd., Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":11.4052,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":133,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.992538,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"148059","last_page":"148072"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11344","display_name":"Traffic Prediction and Management Techniques","score":0.9905999898910522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10298","display_name":"Urban Transport and Accessibility","score":0.9879999756813049,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/case-fatality-rate","display_name":"Case fatality rate","score":0.642716109752655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.639997124671936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6092074513435364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.5606322884559631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.527944028377533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/road-traffic","display_name":"Road traffic","score":0.4931182563304901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.21866640448570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.18899136781692505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13635346293449402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-health","display_name":"Environmental health","score":0.11315959692001343}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187316915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q92307203","display_name":"Case fatality rate","level":3,"score":0.642716109752655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.639997124671936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6092074513435364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.5606322884559631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.527944028377533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985695025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4323994","display_name":"Road traffic","level":2,"score":0.4931182563304901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.21866640448570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.18899136781692505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13635346293449402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.11315959692001343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2946401","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2946401","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08863366.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:304e0cef9a3a4399a5e4934101f50753","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/304e0cef9a3a4399a5e4934101f50753","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 148059-148072 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.ust.hk:1783.1-101570","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-85075991214&origin=inward","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2946401","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2946401","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08863366.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4099999964237213,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2979752067.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2979752067.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1032788920","https://openalex.org/W1574447377","https://openalex.org/W1961147827","https://openalex.org/W1986448186","https://openalex.org/W1995769510","https://openalex.org/W2007019606","https://openalex.org/W2025401241","https://openalex.org/W2025854355","https://openalex.org/W2029069332","https://openalex.org/W2037048038","https://openalex.org/W2037904125","https://openalex.org/W2038083916","https://openalex.org/W2054466380","https://openalex.org/W2067681903","https://openalex.org/W2070493638","https://openalex.org/W2099304856","https://openalex.org/W2100438253","https://openalex.org/W2137731259","https://openalex.org/W2145961774","https://openalex.org/W2161910733","https://openalex.org/W2174958781","https://openalex.org/W2198346408","https://openalex.org/W2224566878","https://openalex.org/W2274968822","https://openalex.org/W2289343049","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2311041414","https://openalex.org/W2407665818","https://openalex.org/W2415533365","https://openalex.org/W2470730685","https://openalex.org/W2515244244","https://openalex.org/W2525140847","https://openalex.org/W2580110419","https://openalex.org/W2599322441","https://openalex.org/W2603932396","https://openalex.org/W2606330674","https://openalex.org/W2606665849","https://openalex.org/W2620829832","https://openalex.org/W2623515310","https://openalex.org/W2743680082","https://openalex.org/W2766365283","https://openalex.org/W2780653514","https://openalex.org/W2782006619","https://openalex.org/W2782382613","https://openalex.org/W2790197682","https://openalex.org/W2791395100","https://openalex.org/W2799946541","https://openalex.org/W2800826322","https://openalex.org/W2804628725","https://openalex.org/W2871558471","https://openalex.org/W2889719446","https://openalex.org/W2921192933","https://openalex.org/W2930105790","https://openalex.org/W3105959310","https://openalex.org/W3165127907","https://openalex.org/W6641082943","https://openalex.org/W6786513370","https://openalex.org/W6795971297"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2149537132","https://openalex.org/W1670566515","https://openalex.org/W641279757","https://openalex.org/W370975646","https://openalex.org/W596972243","https://openalex.org/W4242022592","https://openalex.org/W2018871932","https://openalex.org/W69751022","https://openalex.org/W2377430935","https://openalex.org/W2055973554"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Traffic":[0],"accidents":[1,30],"have":[2,141],"been":[3],"one":[4],"of":[5,18,29,42,59,106],"the":[6,26,34,40,49,60,75,95,107,120,124,142,151,155,159,167,178],"most":[7,58],"important":[8],"global":[9],"public":[10],"problems.":[11],"It":[12],"has":[13,123],"caused":[14],"a":[15,83],"severe":[16],"loss":[17],"human":[19],"lives":[20],"and":[21,45,53,89,110,112,154,181],"property":[22],"every":[23],"year.":[24],"Studying":[25],"influential":[27],"factors":[28,97,114,137,153],"can":[31,38],"help":[32],"find":[33],"reasons":[35],"behind.":[36],"This":[37],"facilitate":[39],"design":[41],"effective":[43],"measures":[44],"policies":[46],"to":[47,72,92,140,176],"reduce":[48,177],"traffic":[50,99,146],"fatality":[51,100,156,179],"rate":[52,180],"improve":[54,182],"road":[55,183],"safety.":[56],"However,":[57],"existing":[61],"research":[62],"either":[63],"adopted":[64],"methods":[65],"based":[66,86],"on":[67,87,98,145,174],"linear":[68],"assumption":[69],"or":[70],"neglected":[71],"further":[73,164],"evaluate":[74],"spatial":[76],"relationships.":[77],"In":[78],"this":[79],"paper,":[80],"we":[81],"proposed":[82,121],"methodology":[84],"framework":[85],"XGBoost":[88],"grid":[90],"analysis":[91,169],"spatially":[93],"analyze":[94],"leading":[96,143],"in":[101,170],"Los":[102,160],"Angeles":[103,161],"County.":[104],"Characteristics":[105],"collision,":[108],"time":[109],"location,":[111],"environmental":[113],"are":[115,138,163,185],"considered.":[116],"Results":[117],"show":[118],"that":[119],"method":[122],"best":[125],"modeling":[126],"performance":[127],"compared":[128],"with":[129],"other":[130],"commonly":[131],"seen":[132],"machine":[133],"learning":[134],"algorithms.":[135],"Eight":[136],"found":[139],"impact":[144],"fatality.":[147],"Spatial":[148],"relationships":[149],"between":[150],"eight":[152],"rates":[157],"within":[158],"County":[162],"studied":[165],"using":[166],"grid-based":[168],"GIS.":[171],"Specific":[172],"suggestions":[173],"how":[175],"safety":[184],"provided":[186],"accordingly.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}