{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2979082816","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2945061","title":"Semantic Relata for the Evaluation of Distributional Models in Mandarin Chinese","display_name":"Semantic Relata for the Evaluation of Distributional Models in Mandarin Chinese","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2979082816","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2945061","mag":"2979082816"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2945061","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2945061","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08854798.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08854798.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101899150","display_name":"Hongchao Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7559-8391"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongchao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Literature, Shandong University, Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7559-8391","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Literature, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079921667","display_name":"Emmanuele Chersoni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8742-0451"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emmanuele Chersoni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chinese and Bilingual Studies, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8742-0451","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chinese and Bilingual Studies, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084660634","display_name":"Natalia Klyueva","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Natalia Klyueva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chinese and Bilingual Studies, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chinese and Bilingual Studies, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059288410","display_name":"Enrico Santus","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7327-2731"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Enrico Santus","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024924150","display_name":"Chu\u2010Ren Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8526-5520"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chu-Ren Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chinese and Bilingual Studies, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8526-5520","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chinese and Bilingual Studies, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.5648,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75479306,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"145705","last_page":"145713"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8123128414154053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.7909508943557739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mandarin-chinese","display_name":"Mandarin Chinese","score":0.7469115257263184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7212712168693542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-similarity","display_name":"Semantic similarity","score":0.6552784442901611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributional-semantics","display_name":"Distributional semantics","score":0.5844733715057373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5435147285461426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentence","display_name":"Sentence","score":0.5337396860122681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.5023059844970703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underspecification","display_name":"Underspecification","score":0.49265986680984497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.4923151731491089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.45912089943885803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.4236210286617279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-linguistics","display_name":"Computational linguistics","score":0.4189009666442871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.2829720377922058}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8123128414154053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.7909508943557739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138954614","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9192","display_name":"Mandarin Chinese","level":2,"score":0.7469115257263184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7212712168693542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130318100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2268914","display_name":"Semantic similarity","level":2,"score":0.6552784442901611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778828372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5283209","display_name":"Distributional semantics","level":3,"score":0.5844733715057373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5435147285461426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777530160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796","display_name":"Sentence","level":2,"score":0.5337396860122681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5023059844970703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779631151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7883767","display_name":"Underspecification","level":2,"score":0.49265986680984497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4923151731491089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.45912089943885803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.4236210286617279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155092808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182557","display_name":"Computational linguistics","level":2,"score":0.4189009666442871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.2829720377922058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2945061","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2945061","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08854798.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8c85e2b4a7cf422b9a113056a829d671","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8c85e2b4a7cf422b9a113056a829d671","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 145705-145713 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ira.lib.polyu.edu.hk:10397/81633","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10397/81633","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400205","display_name":"PolyU Institutional Research Archive (Hong Kong Polytechnic University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal/Magazine Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2945061","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2945061","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08854798.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.699999988079071,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3752254499","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"10000086393101","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311026","funder_display_name":"Shandong University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6607306164","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"11070079614059","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311026","funder_display_name":"Shandong University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311026","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2979082816.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2979082816.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":68,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W61584101","https://openalex.org/W128995279","https://openalex.org/W141602984","https://openalex.org/W193898724","https://openalex.org/W205765513","https://openalex.org/W1516501661","https://openalex.org/W1535150327","https://openalex.org/W1583820951","https://openalex.org/W1614298861","https://openalex.org/W1662133657","https://openalex.org/W2038721957","https://openalex.org/W2042799718","https://openalex.org/W2100059775","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2131253837","https://openalex.org/W2135964261","https://openalex.org/W2136930489","https://openalex.org/W2250533418","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2251283399","https://openalex.org/W2251803266","https://openalex.org/W2251981022","https://openalex.org/W2296076036","https://openalex.org/W2305207820","https://openalex.org/W2328759100","https://openalex.org/W2408074681","https://openalex.org/W2415973339","https://openalex.org/W2493916176","https://openalex.org/W2556233982","https://openalex.org/W2576128377","https://openalex.org/W2583105957","https://openalex.org/W2614785613","https://openalex.org/W2758030377","https://openalex.org/W2882319491","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2950577311","https://openalex.org/W2962684341","https://openalex.org/W2962724755","https://openalex.org/W2962739339","https://openalex.org/W2963341956","https://openalex.org/W2963639153","https://openalex.org/W2963768750","https://openalex.org/W2963954871","https://openalex.org/W2964350953","https://openalex.org/W3139791558","https://openalex.org/W3143525053","https://openalex.org/W4211059094","https://openalex.org/W4235505822","https://openalex.org/W4243577871","https://openalex.org/W4323346989","https://openalex.org/W6602529853","https://openalex.org/W6605696490","https://openalex.org/W6607894109","https://openalex.org/W6608357932","https://openalex.org/W6630706012","https://openalex.org/W6634943950","https://openalex.org/W6636510571","https://openalex.org/W6675354045","https://openalex.org/W6679988210","https://openalex.org/W6691676289","https://openalex.org/W6700232537","https://openalex.org/W6701926577","https://openalex.org/W6729361247","https://openalex.org/W6732141978","https://openalex.org/W6738205493","https://openalex.org/W6745105036","https://openalex.org/W6755207826","https://openalex.org/W7062824350"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1840682977","https://openalex.org/W4299488910","https://openalex.org/W1531804590","https://openalex.org/W4386468556","https://openalex.org/W59191841","https://openalex.org/W2502814102","https://openalex.org/W3202920633","https://openalex.org/W4312642432","https://openalex.org/W1976723299","https://openalex.org/W2963539636"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Distributional":[0],"Semantic":[1],"Models":[2],"(DSMs)":[3],"established":[4],"themselves":[5],"as":[6,55],"a":[7,72,111,115],"standard":[8],"for":[9,68,74],"the":[10,40,64,78,81,98,138,143],"representation":[11],"of":[12,22,42,80,83,94,101,145],"word":[13,95],"and":[14,105,113,132],"sentence":[15],"meaning.":[16],"However,":[17],"DSMs":[18,76],"provide":[19],"quantitative":[20],"measurement":[21],"how":[23],"strongly":[24],"two":[25],"linguistic":[26],"expressions":[27],"are":[28,137],"related,":[29],"without":[30],"being":[31],"able":[32],"to":[33,58,125,130],"automatically":[34],"classify":[35],"different":[36,92],"semantic":[37,43,84,103,146],"relations.":[38,147],"Hence":[39],"notion":[41],"similarity":[44,128],"is":[45],"underspecified":[46],"in":[47,52,86,110,114,123,142],"DSMs.":[48],"We":[49],"introduce":[50],"Evalution-MAN":[51],"this":[53,60],"paper":[54],"an":[56],"effort":[57],"address":[59],"underspecification":[61],"problem.":[62],"Following":[63],"EVALution":[65],"1.0":[66],"dataset":[67,73],"English,":[69],"we":[70,90,106],"present":[71],"evaluating":[75],"on":[77,97],"task":[79],"identification":[82,144],"relations":[85],"Mandarin":[87],"Chinese.":[88],"Moreover,":[89],"test":[91],"types":[93],"vectors":[96],"automatic":[99],"learning":[100,135],"these":[102],"relations,":[104],"evaluate":[107],"them":[108],"both":[109],"unsupervised":[112],"supervised":[116],"setting,":[117],"finding":[118],"that":[119,133],"distributional":[120],"models":[121],"tend,":[122],"general,":[124],"assign":[126],"higher":[127],"scores":[129],"synonyms":[131],"deep":[134],"classifiers":[136],"best":[139],"performing":[140],"ones":[141]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}