{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2976604790","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2943705","title":"Detection and Classification of Abnormities of First Heart Sound Using Empirical Wavelet Transform","display_name":"Detection and Classification of Abnormities of First Heart Sound Using Empirical Wavelet Transform","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2976604790","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2943705","mag":"2976604790"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2943705","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2943705","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08848375.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08848375.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050424647","display_name":"Haixia Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0778-4322"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135714990","display_name":"North University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/047bp1713","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135714990"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haixia Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Testing Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0778-4322","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Testing Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135714990"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102147947","display_name":"Yongfeng Ren","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135714990","display_name":"North University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/047bp1713","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135714990"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongfeng Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Testing Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Testing Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135714990"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100374268","display_name":"Guo\u2010Jun Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5182-5887"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135714990","display_name":"North University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/047bp1713","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135714990"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guojun Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Testing Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Testing Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135714990"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021885614","display_name":"Renxin Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3441-9286"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135714990","display_name":"North University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/047bp1713","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135714990"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Renxin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Testing Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3441-9286","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Testing Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135714990"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081740764","display_name":"Jiangong Cui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6572-2045"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135714990","display_name":"North University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/047bp1713","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135714990"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiangong Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Testing Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Testing Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135714990"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100739058","display_name":"Wendong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1762-9246"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135714990","display_name":"North University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/047bp1713","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135714990"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wendong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Testing Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Testing Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135714990"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135714990"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.2447,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8892006,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"139643","last_page":"139652"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12419","display_name":"Phonocardiography and Auscultation Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12419","display_name":"Phonocardiography and Auscultation Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6378976106643677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5897368788719177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelet-transform","display_name":"Wavelet transform","score":0.5425598621368408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hilbert\u2013huang-transform","display_name":"Hilbert\u2013Huang transform","score":0.5372896194458008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.5323344469070435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.5095846652984619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalization","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","score":0.5063000917434692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelet","display_name":"Wavelet","score":0.4593333303928375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hilbert-transform","display_name":"Hilbert transform","score":0.45057326555252075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4250975251197815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.3360763192176819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.15966585278511047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.14958220720291138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/filter","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","score":0.13804906606674194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.1070626974105835}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6378976106643677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5897368788719177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196216189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2867","display_name":"Wavelet transform","level":3,"score":0.5425598621368408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25570617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1006462","display_name":"Hilbert\u2013Huang transform","level":3,"score":0.5372896194458008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.5323344469070435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.5095846652984619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136886441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926129","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.5063000917434692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47432892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831390","display_name":"Wavelet","level":2,"score":0.4593333303928375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28799612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685437","display_name":"Hilbert transform","level":3,"score":0.45057326555252075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4250975251197815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3360763192176819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.15966585278511047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.14958220720291138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.13804906606674194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.1070626974105835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2943705","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2943705","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08848375.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0024271098734988862969eb394507f6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0024271098734988862969eb394507f6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 139643-139652 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2943705","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2943705","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08848375.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.44999998807907104,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2385161605","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017T100229","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6155269593","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016M600243","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G781061551","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EC2019053008","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325200","funder_display_name":"Shanxi Medical University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8210463211","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61525107","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336125","funder_display_name":"National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309475","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321392","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324776","display_name":"North University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/047bp1713"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325200","display_name":"Shanxi Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/0265d1010"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328124","display_name":"Xinzhou Teachers University","ror":"https://ror.org/01175g155"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336125","display_name":"National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2976604790.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2976604790.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W573175465","https://openalex.org/W1576563120","https://openalex.org/W1643655047","https://openalex.org/W1845944706","https://openalex.org/W1913952652","https://openalex.org/W2019900743","https://openalex.org/W2028377137","https://openalex.org/W2078978121","https://openalex.org/W2081444196","https://openalex.org/W2084860796","https://openalex.org/W2098145852","https://openalex.org/W2137837503","https://openalex.org/W2607377556","https://openalex.org/W2729543759","https://openalex.org/W2754177862","https://openalex.org/W2789032013","https://openalex.org/W2906028509","https://openalex.org/W2909306521"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2083592477","https://openalex.org/W2363056446","https://openalex.org/W2353960620","https://openalex.org/W3190676168","https://openalex.org/W2107880197","https://openalex.org/W2074184731","https://openalex.org/W1986719249","https://openalex.org/W2004948286","https://openalex.org/W154554909","https://openalex.org/W2386521116"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"It":[0],"is":[1,89,101,150,170,213,225,239,272],"expected":[2],"that":[3],"an":[4],"automatic":[5],"detection":[6,35],"and":[7,36,43,53,66,76,97,126,155,180,191,204,221,235,250,261],"classification":[8,37],"algorithm":[9,169],"for":[10,144,187],"the":[11,34,39,48,68,85,127,135,142,147,174,210,258,269,279],"abnormities":[12,40],"of":[13,24,38,41,72,122,134,146,176,268],"first":[14],"heart":[15,86],"sound":[16,87],"(S1)":[17],"can":[18],"realize":[19],"computer":[20],"artificial":[21],"intelligence":[22],"diagnosis":[23],"some":[25],"relative":[26],"cardiovascular":[27],"disease.":[28],"Few":[29],"studies":[30],"have":[31],"focused":[32],"on":[33,107,131],"S1":[42,65,100,123,149,200,229,243],"given":[44],"out":[45,140,256],"in":[46,119],"detail":[47],"essential":[49],"differences":[50],"between":[51,257],"abnormal":[52,202,206,231,245],"normal":[54,198,217],"S1.":[55],"This":[56],"work":[57],"applied":[58,171,214,226,240],"Empirical":[59],"Wavelet":[60],"Transform":[61],"(EWT)":[62],"to":[63,172,215,227,241],"decompose":[64],"extracted":[67],"instantaneous":[69],"frequency":[70],"(IF)":[71],"mitral":[73],"component":[74,78],"(M1)":[75],"tricuspid":[77],"(T1)":[79],"by":[80],"using":[81],"Hilbert":[82,162],"Transform.":[83],"Firstly,":[84],"signal":[88],"preprocessed":[90],"following":[91],"these":[92],"processes:":[93],"filtering,":[94],"resampling,":[95],"normalization":[96],"segmentation.":[98],"Secondly,":[99],"decomposed":[102,151],"into":[103,152,195],"several":[104],"modes":[105,154],"based":[106],"EWT.":[108],"First":[109],"two":[110],"maximal":[111,136],"points":[112,130,137],"with":[113,201,230,244],"a":[114,166],"distance":[115],"greater":[116],"than":[117,274],"20Hz":[118],"Fourier":[120],"Spectrum":[121],"are":[124,138,159,185,193,254],"selected":[125],"nearest":[128],"minimal":[129],"both":[132],"sides":[133],"found":[139],"as":[141],"boundaries":[143],"segmentation":[145],"spectrum.":[148],"5":[153],"every":[156],"mode's":[157],"IF":[158,175],"calculated":[160,186],"through":[161],"transformation.":[163],"At":[164],"last,":[165],"k-mean":[167],"cluster":[168,173],"different":[177,281],"modes.":[178],"TD":[179],"A":[181],"<sub":[182],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[183],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">peak_ratio</sub>":[184],"decision":[188],"tree":[189],"classifier":[190],"S1s":[192],"divided":[194],"three":[196,280],"categories:":[197],"S1,":[199,218],"split":[203],"S1with":[205],"amplitude":[207,246],"change.":[208],"When":[209,223,237],"proposed":[211,259,270],"method":[212,260,271,276],"detect":[216,228,242],"Se=94.6%,":[219],"Pp=98.6%":[220],"Oa=93.3%;":[222],"it":[224,238],"split,":[232],"Se=92.6%,":[233],"Pp=96.9%":[234],"Oa=90%;":[236],"change,":[247],"Se=94.4%,":[248],"Pp=95.7%":[249],"Oa=90.6%;":[251],"Comparison":[252],"experiments":[253],"carried":[255],"HVD":[262,275],"method.":[263],"The":[264],"results":[265],"show":[266],"Oa":[267],"higher":[273],"when":[277],"detecting":[278],"S1s.":[282]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}