{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2976513180","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2943351","title":"Detecting At-Risk Students With Early Interventions Using Machine Learning Techniques","display_name":"Detecting At-Risk Students With Early Interventions Using Machine Learning Techniques","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2976513180","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2943351","mag":"2976513180"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2943351","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2943351","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08847304.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08847304.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065235535","display_name":"Raghad Al-Shabandar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63098007","display_name":"Liverpool John Moores University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zfme737","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raghad Al-Shabandar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025789067","display_name":"Abir Hussain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8413-0045"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63098007","display_name":"Liverpool John Moores University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zfme737","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abir Jaafar Hussain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8413-0045","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083852325","display_name":"Panos Liatsis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5490-6030"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176601375","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Panos Liatsis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078720792","display_name":"Robert Keight","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63098007","display_name":"Liverpool John Moores University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zfme737","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Keight","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":6.8337,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":71,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96691,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"149464","last_page":"149478"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.9879000186920166,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9646000266075134,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6516593098640442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychological-intervention","display_name":"Psychological intervention","score":0.648064911365509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attrition","display_name":"Attrition","score":0.6426462531089783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.5420507192611694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.4925997853279114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.489348828792572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/at-risk-students","display_name":"At-risk students","score":0.4679991602897644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intervention","display_name":"Intervention (counseling)","score":0.44697344303131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.42049548029899597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4134688377380371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.3380003273487091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.3210258185863495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.21464496850967407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.12687262892723083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.10876554250717163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.084342360496521}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6516593098640442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.648064911365509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780553607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q684868","display_name":"Attrition","level":2,"score":0.6426462531089783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5420507192611694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4925997853279114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.489348828792572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779479571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4812273","display_name":"At-risk students","level":2,"score":0.4679991602897644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780665704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959298","display_name":"Intervention (counseling)","level":2,"score":0.44697344303131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.42049548029899597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4134688377380371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.3380003273487091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.3210258185863495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.21464496850967407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.12687262892723083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.10876554250717163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.084342360496521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199343813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12128","display_name":"Dentistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2943351","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2943351","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08847304.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk:11373","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401246","display_name":"Liverpool John Moores University","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I63098007","host_organization_name":"Liverpool John Moores University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:756594a3a7e8431a89a18c8e8092a9d0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/756594a3a7e8431a89a18c8e8092a9d0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 149464-149478 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2943351","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2943351","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08847304.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8500000238418579}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2976513180.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2976513180.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W273955616","https://openalex.org/W1522177784","https://openalex.org/W1528905581","https://openalex.org/W1558918611","https://openalex.org/W1615000945","https://openalex.org/W1930624869","https://openalex.org/W2012449184","https://openalex.org/W2016758583","https://openalex.org/W2024536299","https://openalex.org/W2036958054","https://openalex.org/W2040820346","https://openalex.org/W2044757495","https://openalex.org/W2054338222","https://openalex.org/W2070493638","https://openalex.org/W2080801582","https://openalex.org/W2088794999","https://openalex.org/W2100281923","https://openalex.org/W2101711129","https://openalex.org/W2103614420","https://openalex.org/W2118988523","https://openalex.org/W2123559271","https://openalex.org/W2150364563","https://openalex.org/W2167101736","https://openalex.org/W2169178923","https://openalex.org/W2177299793","https://openalex.org/W2184623761","https://openalex.org/W2216946510","https://openalex.org/W2295164685","https://openalex.org/W2342476492","https://openalex.org/W2382208514","https://openalex.org/W2395088234","https://openalex.org/W2482241541","https://openalex.org/W2531813938","https://openalex.org/W2594757410","https://openalex.org/W2606500520","https://openalex.org/W2735315095","https://openalex.org/W2736972440","https://openalex.org/W2766300505","https://openalex.org/W2766976041","https://openalex.org/W2791021147","https://openalex.org/W2801490189","https://openalex.org/W2896866209","https://openalex.org/W2898591453","https://openalex.org/W2900592112","https://openalex.org/W2932205767","https://openalex.org/W2998216295","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6610017368","https://openalex.org/W6633604892","https://openalex.org/W6636433634","https://openalex.org/W6677507105","https://openalex.org/W6684773713","https://openalex.org/W6686239164","https://openalex.org/W6696954711","https://openalex.org/W6712324605","https://openalex.org/W6728482419","https://openalex.org/W7066667914"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1969175355","https://openalex.org/W2007101045","https://openalex.org/W2056472298","https://openalex.org/W4389273703","https://openalex.org/W2586909830","https://openalex.org/W4231153204","https://openalex.org/W2775846538","https://openalex.org/W2116688168","https://openalex.org/W4367856884","https://openalex.org/W2598978379"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Massive":[0],"Open":[1],"Online":[2],"Courses":[3],"(MOOCs)":[4],"have":[5,86],"shown":[6],"rapid":[7],"development":[8],"in":[9,95,145,162],"recent":[10],"years,":[11],"allowing":[12],"learners":[13],"to":[14,89,159,167],"access":[15],"high-quality":[16],"digital":[17],"material.":[18],"Because":[19],"of":[20,26,32,59,65,97,105,130,143],"facilitated":[21],"learning":[22,81],"and":[23,46,67,80,99],"the":[24,27,30,42,56,87,91,102,106,121,128,141,150],"flexibility":[25],"teaching":[28],"environment,":[29],"number":[31],"participants":[33],"is":[34,69],"rapidly":[35],"growing.":[36],"However,":[37],"extensive":[38],"research":[39],"reports":[40],"that":[41,112],"high":[43],"attrition":[44],"rate":[45,49],"low":[47],"completion":[48],"are":[50,62,74,94],"major":[51],"concerns.":[52],"In":[53],"this":[54],"paper,":[55],"early":[57,103],"identification":[58],"students":[60,92],"who":[61,93],"at":[63,101],"risk":[64],"withdrew":[66],"failure":[68],"provided.":[70],"Therefore,":[71],"two":[72],"models":[73,85],"constructed":[75],"namely":[76],"at-risk":[77,146,168],"student":[78,147],"model":[79,136],"achievement":[82],"model.":[83],"The":[84,109,153],"potential":[88],"detect":[90],"danger":[96],"failing":[98],"withdrawal":[100],"stage":[104],"online":[107],"course.":[108],"result":[110],"reveals":[111],"all":[113],"classifiers":[114],"gain":[115],"good":[116],"accuracy":[117],"across":[118],"both":[119],"models,":[120],"highest":[122],"performance":[123],"yield":[124,140],"by":[125],"GBM":[126],"with":[127],"value":[129,142],"0.894,":[131],"0.952":[132],"for":[133],"first,":[134],"second":[135],"respectively,":[137],"while":[138],"RF":[139],"0.866,":[144],"framework":[148],"achieved":[149],"lowest":[151],"accuracy.":[152],"proposed":[154],"frameworks":[155],"can":[156],"be":[157],"used":[158],"assist":[160],"instructors":[161],"delivering":[163],"intensive":[164],"intervention":[165],"support":[166],"students.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
