{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2972739728","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2940515","title":"Time-Domain Evaluation Method for Clock Frequency Stability Based on Precise Point Positioning","display_name":"Time-Domain Evaluation Method for Clock Frequency Stability Based on Precise Point Positioning","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2972739728","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2940515","mag":"2972739728"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2940515","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2940515","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08832128.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08832128.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101784740","display_name":"Yang Lei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9681-269X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yang Lei","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9681-269X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006409469","display_name":"Junxiong Tan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junxiong Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006421210","display_name":"Wenfei Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2016-7214"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenfei Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064769715","display_name":"Jingsong Cui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3111-9798"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingsong Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101705111","display_name":"Jingnan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4689-4161"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingnan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101784740"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.4506,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66405926,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"132413","last_page":"132422"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12004","display_name":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12004","display_name":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12300","display_name":"Advanced Electrical Measurement Techniques","score":0.9857000112533569,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/allan-variance","display_name":"Allan variance","score":0.9112042188644409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crystal-oscillator","display_name":"Crystal oscillator","score":0.6757873296737671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-shift-keying","display_name":"Frequency-shift keying","score":0.5523772239685059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stability","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","score":0.540620744228363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.49902963638305664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atomic-clock","display_name":"Atomic clock","score":0.4941711723804474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.47840413451194763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-drift","display_name":"Frequency drift","score":0.4758158326148987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.46014416217803955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precise-point-positioning","display_name":"Precise Point Positioning","score":0.41699764132499695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.3653472363948822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-noise","display_name":"Phase noise","score":0.3307517170906067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3252823054790497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/local-oscillator","display_name":"Local oscillator","score":0.30721044540405273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.2836945652961731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.276253879070282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.26647675037384033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.25453829765319824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demodulation","display_name":"Demodulation","score":0.2024778425693512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.19940543174743652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.19332784414291382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.16950896382331848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standard-deviation","display_name":"Standard deviation","score":0.09431880712509155}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5722023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1440227","display_name":"Allan variance","level":3,"score":0.9112042188644409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172137495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q877055","display_name":"Crystal oscillator","level":3,"score":0.6757873296737671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163996819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1166054","display_name":"Frequency-shift keying","level":4,"score":0.5523772239685059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.540620744228363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.49902963638305664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196597080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q227467","display_name":"Atomic clock","level":2,"score":0.4941711723804474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.47840413451194763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122348159","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5502869","display_name":"Frequency drift","level":4,"score":0.4758158326148987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.46014416217803955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202511199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239503","display_name":"Precise Point Positioning","level":4,"score":0.41699764132499695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.3653472363948822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89631360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1428766","display_name":"Phase noise","level":2,"score":0.3307517170906067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3252823054790497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203597036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1238887","display_name":"Local oscillator","level":3,"score":0.30721044540405273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.2836945652961731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.276253879070282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.26647675037384033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.25453829765319824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195251586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1185939","display_name":"Demodulation","level":3,"score":0.2024778425693512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.19940543174743652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.19332784414291382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.16950896382331848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22679943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159375","display_name":"Standard deviation","level":2,"score":0.09431880712509155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184779094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26383","display_name":"Atomic physics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2940515","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2940515","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08832128.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3020e65dbf9e4254af88d990c608ea42","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3020e65dbf9e4254af88d990c608ea42","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 132413-132422 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2940515","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2940515","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08832128.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2544492520","display_name":"\u9ad8\u7cbe\u5ea6GNSS\u6388\u65f6\u63a5\u6536\u673a\u4fe1\u53f7\u5904\u7406\u4e0e\u65f6\u9891\u8c03\u63a7\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"41974038","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3092029761","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41604021","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G58055562","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YFB0503702","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6290442322","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YFB0503702","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8233801529","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2042019kf0215","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8316386761","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016YFB0501804","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2972739728.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2972739728.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W199914127","https://openalex.org/W1999108227","https://openalex.org/W2017954934","https://openalex.org/W2025819547","https://openalex.org/W2033831684","https://openalex.org/W2059307738","https://openalex.org/W2100846830","https://openalex.org/W2126028176","https://openalex.org/W2135048896","https://openalex.org/W2169321939","https://openalex.org/W2181235151","https://openalex.org/W2183024792","https://openalex.org/W2319613528","https://openalex.org/W2541463463","https://openalex.org/W2618376619","https://openalex.org/W2907813172","https://openalex.org/W4292232852","https://openalex.org/W6607991881"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2387852172","https://openalex.org/W2074843628","https://openalex.org/W2062371693","https://openalex.org/W3019181156","https://openalex.org/W2961042468","https://openalex.org/W2340335599","https://openalex.org/W2066245441","https://openalex.org/W4291700326","https://openalex.org/W2009571879","https://openalex.org/W4405527087"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,27,97,126],"Global":[1],"Navigation":[2],"Satellite":[3],"System":[4],"(GNSS)":[5],"and":[6,76,116,137,148,189,214],"GNSS":[7],"receivers":[8],"can":[9,130,172],"be":[10,74,173],"used":[11,85],"to":[12,22,73,92],"measure":[13],"the":[14,44,65,77,87,94,122,132,149,166,176,190,204],"time-frequency":[15],"errors":[16],"of":[17,29,47,100,135,143,152,184],"receiver":[18,30,66,78],"clocks":[19,102],"so":[20],"as":[21,86],"evaluate":[23,131],"their":[24],"frequency":[25,49,98,133,170],"stability.":[26,50],"calculation":[28],"clock":[31,48,72,79,89],"error":[32,80,91,151,191],"by":[33,69,82,175],"single":[34],"point":[35,57],"positioning":[36,58],"(SPP)":[37],"is":[38,67,84,154,192,215],"not":[39],"highly":[40],"accurate,":[41],"resulting":[42],"in":[43],"limited":[45],"evaluation":[46,60,124,128,150,178,206],"Therefore,":[51],"this":[52,63],"study":[53],"proposes":[54],"a":[55],"precision":[56],"(PPP)":[59],"method.":[61,125],"In":[62,202],"method,":[64],"driven":[68],"an":[70,140,181],"external":[71],"evaluated,":[75],"calculated":[81],"PPP":[83,123,127,177,205],"measured":[88],"phase":[90],"calculate":[93],"Allan":[95],"variance.":[96],"stability":[99,171],"three":[101],"with":[103,121],"different":[104],"grades":[105],"(temperature":[106],"compensated":[107],"crystal":[108,113],"oscillator":[109,114],"[TCXO],":[110],"oven":[111],"controlled":[112],"[OCXO],":[115],"rubidium":[117,167],"clock)":[118],"are":[119],"evaluated":[120,174],"method":[129,179,207],"stabilities":[134],"TCXO":[136],"OCXO":[138,153],"for":[139,165,180],"average":[141,182],"interval":[142,183],"more":[144,185],"than":[145,156,186,194],"1":[146],"s,":[147,188],"less":[155,193],"1.3":[157],"\u00d7":[158,196],"10":[159,197],"<sup":[160,198],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[161,199],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">-11</sup>":[162],".":[163,201],"As":[164],"clock,":[168],"its":[169],"66":[187],"2":[195],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">-13</sup>":[200],"general,":[203],"involves":[208],"simple":[209],"operations,":[210],"achieves":[211],"high":[212],"accuracy,":[213],"easily":[216],"popularized.":[217]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-06T09:05:17.133730","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
