{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2972955472","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2940227","title":"Blockchain-Driven IoT for Food Traceability With an Integrated Consensus Mechanism","display_name":"Blockchain-Driven IoT for Food Traceability With an Integrated Consensus Mechanism","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2972955472","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2940227","mag":"2972955472"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2940227","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2940227","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08830460.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08830460.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014519712","display_name":"Yung Po Tsang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6128-345X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yung Po Tsang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"King Lun Choy","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"King Lun Choy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033890936","display_name":"C.H. Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1259-4048"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47605537","display_name":"Hang Seng University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/04fa64g55","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47605537"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chun Ho Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Supply Chain and Information Management, The Hang Seng University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1259-4048","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Supply Chain and Information Management, The Hang Seng University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47605537","https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021070500","display_name":"G.T.S. Ho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8550-4974"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47605537","display_name":"Hang Seng University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/04fa64g55","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47605537"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"George To Sum Ho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Supply Chain and Information Management, The Hang Seng University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Supply Chain and Information Management, The Hang Seng University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47605537","https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Hoi Yan Lam","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47605537","display_name":"Hang Seng University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/04fa64g55","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47605537"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hoi Yan Lam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Supply Chain and Information Management, The Hang Seng University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Supply Chain and Information Management, The Hang Seng University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47605537","https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":59.9536,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":331,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99883015,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"129000","last_page":"129017"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12486","display_name":"Food Supply Chain Traceability","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1106","display_name":"Food Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12583","display_name":"Food Waste Reduction and Sustainability","score":0.9793999791145325,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1106","display_name":"Food Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traceability","display_name":"Traceability","score":0.9585055112838745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.8355743288993835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6730582118034363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/requirements-traceability","display_name":"Requirements traceability","score":0.6201184988021851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supply-chain","display_name":"Supply chain","score":0.6131463050842285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.48036178946495056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.34536269307136536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3091825842857361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.18222960829734802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.16800981760025024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.14038512110710144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/requirements-analysis","display_name":"Requirements analysis","score":0.1338236927986145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.09126591682434082}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153876917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899704","display_name":"Traceability","level":2,"score":0.9585055112838745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.8355743288993835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6730582118034363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35084680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848201","display_name":"Requirements traceability","level":5,"score":0.6201184988021851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108713360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1824206","display_name":"Supply chain","level":2,"score":0.6131463050842285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.48036178946495056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.34536269307136536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3091825842857361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.18222960829734802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.16800981760025024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.14038512110710144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59488412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187147","display_name":"Requirements analysis","level":3,"score":0.1338236927986145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.09126591682434082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135475081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q774228","display_name":"Requirement","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2940227","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2940227","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08830460.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d82bce341e484ce5836baf92ebf2013d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d82bce341e484ce5836baf92ebf2013d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 129000-129017 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ira.lib.polyu.edu.hk:10397/81679","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10397/81679","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400205","display_name":"PolyU Institutional Research Archive (Hong Kong Polytechnic University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal/Magazine Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2940227","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2940227","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08830460.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5,"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320318339","display_name":"Hang Seng University of Hong Kong","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322598","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W325742674","https://openalex.org/W586993847","https://openalex.org/W1966180715","https://openalex.org/W1979807883","https://openalex.org/W1982546370","https://openalex.org/W2058263679","https://openalex.org/W2070131979","https://openalex.org/W2162126029","https://openalex.org/W2225964831","https://openalex.org/W2289416724","https://openalex.org/W2345815377","https://openalex.org/W2471387764","https://openalex.org/W2473696025","https://openalex.org/W2500303388","https://openalex.org/W2511512496","https://openalex.org/W2560443305","https://openalex.org/W2604864306","https://openalex.org/W2737240264","https://openalex.org/W2745394941","https://openalex.org/W2746553616","https://openalex.org/W2748264495","https://openalex.org/W2757817063","https://openalex.org/W2768696376","https://openalex.org/W2785920116","https://openalex.org/W2786393483","https://openalex.org/W2786484366","https://openalex.org/W2793346081","https://openalex.org/W2800007173","https://openalex.org/W2801812012","https://openalex.org/W2802538926","https://openalex.org/W2803371618","https://openalex.org/W2807837006","https://openalex.org/W2886425588","https://openalex.org/W2897765155","https://openalex.org/W2912637295","https://openalex.org/W2919309562","https://openalex.org/W2919784967","https://openalex.org/W2943160703","https://openalex.org/W2955398177","https://openalex.org/W2963264685","https://openalex.org/W3123918807","https://openalex.org/W6765566209","https://openalex.org/W6789422559"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4312646443","https://openalex.org/W2129559874","https://openalex.org/W1203831901","https://openalex.org/W1604969957","https://openalex.org/W4312234739","https://openalex.org/W2537685693","https://openalex.org/W2354227496","https://openalex.org/W4252654202","https://openalex.org/W1589012229","https://openalex.org/W4388131927"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Food":[0],"traceability":[1,24,41,94,103,123],"has":[2],"been":[3],"one":[4],"of":[5,17,32,113,168,176,183],"the":[6,15,40,110,134,146,174,181,188,195],"emerging":[7],"blockchain":[8,56,77,90,169],"applications":[9],"in":[10,47,76,145,194],"recent":[11],"years,":[12],"for":[13,65,80,83,128,136,205,214],"improving":[14],"areas":[16],"anti-counterfeiting":[18],"and":[19,36,45,73,117,140,160,202,209],"quality":[20,215],"assurance.":[21],"Existing":[22],"food":[23,93,102,137,196],"systems":[25],"do":[26],"not":[27,82],"guarantee":[28],"a":[29,62,100,121],"high":[30],"level":[31,182],"system":[33,104,127],"reliability,":[34],"scalability,":[35],"information":[37],"accuracy.":[38],"Moreover,":[39],"process":[42],"is":[43,58,95,106,163,170],"time-consuming":[44],"complicated":[46],"modern":[48],"supply":[49,66,84,197],"chain":[50,67,85,198],"networks.":[51],"To":[52,132],"alleviate":[53],"these":[54],"concerns,":[55],"technology":[57,91],"promising":[59],"to":[60,92,108,173,180],"create":[61],"new":[63],"ontology":[64],"traceability.":[68],"However,":[69],"most":[70],"consensus":[71,151],"mechanisms":[72],"data":[74,166,204],"flow":[75,167],"are":[78,143],"developed":[79],"cryptocurrency,":[81],"traceability;":[86],"hence,":[87],"simply":[88],"applying":[89],"impractical.":[96],"In":[97],"this":[98],"paper,":[99],"blockchain-IoT-based":[101],"(BIFTS)":[105],"proposed":[107],"integrate":[109],"novel":[111],"deployment":[112,175],"blockchain,":[114,147],"IoT":[115,177],"technology,":[116],"fuzzy":[118,212],"logic":[119,213],"into":[120],"total":[122],"shelf":[124,206],"life":[125,207],"management":[126],"managing":[129],"perishable":[130],"food.":[131],"address":[133],"needs":[135],"traceability,":[138],"lightweight":[139],"vaporized":[141],"characteristics":[142],"deployed":[144],"while":[148],"an":[149],"integrated":[150],"mechanism":[152],"that":[153],"considers":[154],"shipment":[155,161],"transit":[156],"time,":[157],"stakeholder":[158],"assessment,":[159],"volume":[162],"developed.":[164],"The":[165],"then":[171],"aligned":[172],"technologies":[178],"according":[179],"traceable":[184],"resource":[185],"units.":[186],"Subsequently,":[187],"decision":[189],"support":[190],"can":[191],"be":[192],"established":[193],"by":[199,210],"using":[200,211],"reliable":[201],"accurate":[203],"adjustment,":[208],"decay":[216],"evaluation.":[217]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":51},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":41},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":58},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":74},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":65},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}