{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2971583825","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2939850","title":"Nodule-Plus R-CNN and Deep Self-Paced Active Learning for 3D Instance Segmentation of Pulmonary Nodules","display_name":"Nodule-Plus R-CNN and Deep Self-Paced Active Learning for 3D Instance Segmentation of Pulmonary Nodules","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2971583825","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2939850","mag":"2971583825"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2939850","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2939850","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08826589.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08826589.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000731827","display_name":"Wenzhe Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7431-9039"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenzhe Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Real Doctor AI Research Centre, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7431-9039","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Real Doctor AI Research Centre, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003036972","display_name":"Ruiwei Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3732-7595"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruiwei Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Real Doctor AI Research Centre, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Real Doctor AI Research Centre, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023258354","display_name":"Jintai Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3199-2597"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jintai Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Real Doctor AI Research Centre, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Real Doctor AI Research Centre, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004715828","display_name":"Yifei Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1352-5418"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yifei Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Real Doctor AI Research Centre, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Real Doctor AI Research Centre, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100344096","display_name":"Tingting Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7516-8500"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tingting Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Real Doctor AI Research Centre, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Real Doctor AI Research Centre, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054231785","display_name":"Hongyun Yu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongyun Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Real Doctor AI Research Centre, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Real Doctor AI Research Centre, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060901632","display_name":"Danny Z. Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6565-2884"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Danny Z. Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Real Doctor AI Research Centre, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Real Doctor AI Research Centre, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071068569","display_name":"Jian Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3230-6392"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Real Doctor AI Research Centre, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Real Doctor AI Research Centre, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.8152,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86266236,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"128796","last_page":"128805"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10202","display_name":"Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10202","display_name":"Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9814000129699707,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7713884115219116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.7210575938224792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.7154178023338318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7057062387466431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voxel","display_name":"Voxel","score":0.6426011323928833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dice","display_name":"Dice","score":0.5704640746116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5340079069137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nodule","display_name":"Nodule (geology)","score":0.5090665221214294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.47145208716392517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/s\u00f8rensen\u2013dice-coefficient","display_name":"S\u00f8rensen\u2013Dice coefficient","score":0.4230024516582489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.40911221504211426}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7713884115219116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.7210575938224792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.7154178023338318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7057062387466431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54170458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663554","display_name":"Voxel","level":2,"score":0.6426011323928833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22029948","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45089","display_name":"Dice","level":2,"score":0.5704640746116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5340079069137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776731575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2916245","display_name":"Nodule (geology)","level":2,"score":0.5090665221214294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.47145208716392517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163892561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2613728","display_name":"S\u00f8rensen\u2013Dice coefficient","level":4,"score":0.4230024516582489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.40911221504211426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2939850","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2939850","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08826589.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:89d0a9b9988c42dea31da75ca62728d7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/89d0a9b9988c42dea31da75ca62728d7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 128796-128805 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2939850","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2939850","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08826589.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1024799979","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"81700882","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1334518649","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"K17-518051-021","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322927","funder_display_name":"Zhejiang University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4037434717","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"K18-511120-004","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322927","funder_display_name":"Zhejiang University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4687910176","display_name":"AF: Small: Algorithms in Computational Geometry and Medical Applications","funder_award_id":"1617735","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G483111463","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"71804161","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8327927261","display_name":"\u79fb\u52a8\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u73af\u5883\u4e0b\u7684API\u53d1\u73b0\u4e0e\u805a\u5408\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61672453","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8575415907","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"K18-511120-004","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322927","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2971583825.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2971583825.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1986649315","https://openalex.org/W2037362135","https://openalex.org/W2067123389","https://openalex.org/W2132984949","https://openalex.org/W2256388387","https://openalex.org/W2358734635","https://openalex.org/W2464708700","https://openalex.org/W2517954747","https://openalex.org/W2549139847","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2575032143","https://openalex.org/W2625559849","https://openalex.org/W2728648333","https://openalex.org/W2732063980","https://openalex.org/W2738627448","https://openalex.org/W2741891296","https://openalex.org/W2890179236","https://openalex.org/W2890579034","https://openalex.org/W2892308833","https://openalex.org/W2903158431","https://openalex.org/W2962914239","https://openalex.org/W2963150697","https://openalex.org/W2963313410","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2963802513","https://openalex.org/W2963803174","https://openalex.org/W3104368407","https://openalex.org/W6620707391","https://openalex.org/W6639824700","https://openalex.org/W6679390333","https://openalex.org/W6691895530","https://openalex.org/W6756615331"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4402926319","https://openalex.org/W4389060404","https://openalex.org/W2973136608","https://openalex.org/W3012828488","https://openalex.org/W4286233748","https://openalex.org/W4254054209","https://openalex.org/W4200334192","https://openalex.org/W4391935352","https://openalex.org/W2952835238","https://openalex.org/W2157102420"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurate":[0],"and":[1,38,115,137,165,171],"automatic":[2],"segmentation":[3,77],"of":[4,15,23,34,91,104,119,145,149,158,180,187],"pulmonary":[5,64,181],"nodules":[6,65],"in":[7,45,66,94,109],"3D":[8,67],"thoracic":[9,46,68],"Computed":[10],"Tomography":[11],"(CT)":[12],"images":[13,70],"is":[14,60,86,191],"great":[16],"significance":[17],"for":[18,32,79],"Computer-Aided":[19],"medical":[20],"Diagnosis":[21],"(CAD)":[22],"lung":[24],"cancer.":[25],"Currently,":[26],"this":[27,50],"important":[28],"task":[29],"remains":[30],"challenging":[31],"lack":[33],"the":[35,102,143,147,161,185,197,207],"voxel-level":[36],"annotation":[37,113],"training":[39],"strategies":[40],"that":[41,204],"balance":[42],"target/background":[43],"voxels":[44],"CT":[47,69],"images.":[48],"In":[49,107],"paper,":[51],"a":[52,89,124,156],"new":[53,84,125],"region-based":[54],"network,":[55],"called":[56],"Nodule-plus":[57,152],"Region-based":[58],"CNN,":[59],"proposed":[61,123,151],"to":[62,100,111],"detect":[63],"effectively":[71],"while":[72],"synchronously":[73],"generating":[74],"an":[75],"instance":[76],"mask":[78],"every":[80],"detected":[81],"instance.":[82],"Our":[83],"network":[85],"constructed":[87],"with":[88,196,206],"stack":[90],"convolutional":[92],"blocks":[93],"which":[95,175],"lateral":[96],"connections":[97],"are":[98,176],"used":[99],"alleviate":[101],"difficulty":[103],"vanishing":[105],"gradients.":[106],"addition,":[108],"order":[110],"reduce":[112],"workload":[114],"make":[116],"best":[117,178],"use":[118],"unannotated":[120],"samples,":[121],"we":[122,154],"Deep":[126],"Self-paced":[127],"Active":[128,134],"Learning":[129,135,139],"(DSAL)":[130],"strategy":[131,199],"by":[132],"combining":[133],"(AL)":[136],"Self-Paced":[138],"(SPL)":[140],"strategies.":[141],"For":[142],"purpose":[144],"evaluating":[146],"performance":[148],"our":[150,166,193],"R-CNN,":[153],"conduct":[155],"series":[157],"experiments":[159],"on":[160],"public":[162],"LIDC-IDRI":[163],"dataset,":[164],"model":[167,194],"achieves":[168],"0.66":[169],"Dice":[170],"0.96":[172],"TP":[173],"Dice,":[174],"state-of-the-art":[177],"results":[179],"nodule":[182],"segmentation.":[183],"When":[184],"amount":[186],"available":[188],"annotated":[189],"samples":[190],"limited,":[192],"trained":[195,205],"DSAL":[198],"performs":[200],"much":[201],"better":[202],"than":[203],"standard":[208],"strategy.":[209]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-06T08:24:18.245995","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}