{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2971669482","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2939626","title":"A Hierarchical Control Structure for Distributed Energy Storage System in DC Micro-Grid","display_name":"A Hierarchical Control Structure for Distributed Energy Storage System in DC Micro-Grid","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2971669482","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2939626","mag":"2971669482"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2939626","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2939626","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08825991.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08825991.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101874624","display_name":"Wei Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6742-5199"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wei Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100639746","display_name":"Yang Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3633-1664"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3633-1664","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100376863","display_name":"Zhong Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhong Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Grid Yangzhou Power Supply Company, Yangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Grid Yangzhou Power Supply Company, Yangzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101544215","display_name":"Ming Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4453-6523"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Grid Yangzhou Power Supply Company, Yangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Grid Yangzhou Power Supply Company, Yangzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100371522","display_name":"Peipei Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9389-9419"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peipei Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Grid Yangzhou Power Supply Company, Yangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Grid Yangzhou Power Supply Company, Yangzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089176417","display_name":"Guozheng Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guozheng Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Grid Yangzhou Power Supply Company, Yangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Grid Yangzhou Power Supply Company, Yangzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101874624"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":4.0479,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":36,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94265746,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"128787","last_page":"128795"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12277","display_name":"Frequency Control in Power Systems","score":0.9847999811172485,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14444","display_name":"Power Systems and Renewable Energy","score":0.9846000075340271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2102","display_name":"Energy Engineering and Power Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7504276037216187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage-droop","display_name":"Voltage droop","score":0.666379988193512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-storage","display_name":"Energy storage","score":0.6596546173095703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-generation","display_name":"Distributed generation","score":0.6070331931114197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-energy","display_name":"Renewable energy","score":0.5736093521118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-power","display_name":"Distributed power","score":0.5598289966583252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-of-charge","display_name":"State of charge","score":0.532757043838501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.5116296410560608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.4373294711112976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.4275969862937927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-data-storage","display_name":"Computer data storage","score":0.4156377911567688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.3710108995437622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.35199880599975586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.19843468070030212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.18721583485603333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.16598182916641235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battery","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","score":0.07831597328186035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.05888497829437256}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7504276037216187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40760162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10920295","display_name":"Voltage droop","level":4,"score":0.666379988193512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73916439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837718","display_name":"Energy storage","level":3,"score":0.6596546173095703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544738498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861135","display_name":"Distributed generation","level":3,"score":0.6070331931114197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.5736093521118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36877392","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1229571","display_name":"Distributed power","level":3,"score":0.5598289966583252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776582896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5368536","display_name":"State of charge","level":4,"score":0.532757043838501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.5116296410560608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.4373294711112976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.4275969862937927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194739806","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q66221","display_name":"Computer data storage","level":2,"score":0.4156377911567688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3710108995437622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.35199880599975586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.19843468070030212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.18721583485603333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.16598182916641235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555008776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","level":3,"score":0.07831597328186035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.05888497829437256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49324399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466758","display_name":"Voltage divider","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2939626","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2939626","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08825991.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:80b8c89ec70c45af9cc017a6a78a93a2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/80b8c89ec70c45af9cc017a6a78a93a2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 128787-128795 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2939626","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2939626","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08825991.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8899999856948853}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2467809190","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51877041","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336329","display_name":"State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2971669482.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2971669482.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1601743748","https://openalex.org/W1864806140","https://openalex.org/W1925719906","https://openalex.org/W1963268900","https://openalex.org/W1964279126","https://openalex.org/W1999912594","https://openalex.org/W2006114567","https://openalex.org/W2026923967","https://openalex.org/W2035445002","https://openalex.org/W2035837781","https://openalex.org/W2074229485","https://openalex.org/W2080315331","https://openalex.org/W2081321884","https://openalex.org/W2094526072","https://openalex.org/W2103268894","https://openalex.org/W2127050485","https://openalex.org/W2133683385","https://openalex.org/W2140356380","https://openalex.org/W2144951336","https://openalex.org/W2151685478","https://openalex.org/W2331049439","https://openalex.org/W2346257266","https://openalex.org/W2356828026","https://openalex.org/W2386796837","https://openalex.org/W2514889173","https://openalex.org/W2549175246","https://openalex.org/W2560199170","https://openalex.org/W2588506538","https://openalex.org/W6639114211"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3095853931","https://openalex.org/W2388819915","https://openalex.org/W2356568580","https://openalex.org/W1963867760","https://openalex.org/W4302545525","https://openalex.org/W1981663128","https://openalex.org/W2962800822","https://openalex.org/W2355286225","https://openalex.org/W2749793132","https://openalex.org/W2952879633"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"adapt":[1],"to":[2,27,50,85,110,132,141,152],"the":[3,7,29,35,52,60,65,87,97,101,104,112,125,134,143,154,162,167],"rapid":[4],"development":[5],"of":[6,64,100,115,138],"renewable":[8],"generations,":[9],"DC":[10,25,71,105],"micro-grid":[11,26,72],"has":[12],"been":[13],"becoming":[14],"an":[15],"attractive":[16],"technical":[17,48],"route.":[18],"Energy":[19],"storages":[20],"are":[21,46,73],"widely":[22],"employed":[23],"in":[24,70,172],"balance":[28],"power":[30,81,114,136],"generation":[31],"and":[32,37,55,62],"usage.":[33],"Therefore,":[34],"coordination":[36],"energy":[38,43,67,92,174],"control":[39,78,102,107],"among":[40,91],"these":[41],"distributed":[42,66,173],"storage":[44,68,93,175],"systems":[45],"critical":[47],"issues":[49],"guarantee":[51],"overall":[53],"efficiency":[54],"security.":[56],"In":[57,96,124],"this":[58],"paper,":[59],"concept":[61],"characteristic":[63],"system":[69,79],"first":[74],"analyzed.":[75],"A":[76],"hierarchical":[77],"for":[80],"sharing":[82],"is":[83,108,130,150],"proposed":[84,155,163],"achieve":[86,166],"state-of-charge":[88],"(SOC)":[89],"balancing":[90,169],"units":[94],"(ESU).":[95],"lower":[98],"layer":[99],"system,":[103],"droop":[106],"applied":[109],"allocate":[111],"output":[113,122,135],"each":[116,139],"ESU":[117,140],"based":[118],"on":[119],"its":[120],"maximum":[121],"power.":[123],"upper":[126],"layer,":[127],"consensus":[128],"algorithm":[129],"utilized":[131],"adjust":[133],"reference":[137],"reduce":[142],"SOC":[144,168],"difference.":[145],"Finally,":[146],"a":[147],"Matlab/Simulink":[148],"model":[149],"built":[151],"verify":[153],"approaches.":[156],"The":[157],"simulation":[158],"results":[159],"indicate":[160],"that":[161],"method":[164],"can":[165],"robust":[170],"operation":[171],"system.":[176]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}