{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2971887892","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2939027","title":"True Random Number Generators Using Electrical Noise","display_name":"True Random Number Generators Using Electrical Noise","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2971887892","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2939027","mag":"2971887892"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2939027","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2939027","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08822724.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08822724.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029811464","display_name":"Lishuang Gong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0010-1886"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9086337","display_name":"Taiyuan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03kv08d37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lishuang Gong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100461783","display_name":"Jianguo Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9317-0268"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9086337","display_name":"Taiyuan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03kv08d37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianguo Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053639799","display_name":"Haifang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1971-775X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9086337","display_name":"Taiyuan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03kv08d37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haifang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083933926","display_name":"Luxiao Sang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9086337","display_name":"Taiyuan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03kv08d37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luxiao Sang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026700007","display_name":"Yuncai Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2319-8913"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9086337","display_name":"Taiyuan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03kv08d37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuncai Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2319-8913","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5029811464"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.9597,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":73,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93196357,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"125796","last_page":"125805"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12946","display_name":"Fractal and DNA sequence analysis","score":0.9879000186920166,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10244","display_name":"Chaos control and synchronization","score":0.9835000038146973,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-number-generation","display_name":"Random number generation","score":0.7873727679252625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6359032392501831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jitter","display_name":"Jitter","score":0.6258381605148315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.478278249502182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.47283798456192017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-noise","display_name":"Phase noise","score":0.4458080232143402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.43536484241485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.3375018239021301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.20782199501991272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.19927603006362915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1918574869632721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.16329947113990784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.15740898251533508}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201866948","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228206","display_name":"Random number generation","level":2,"score":0.7873727679252625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6359032392501831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134652429","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1052698","display_name":"Jitter","level":2,"score":0.6258381605148315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.478278249502182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.47283798456192017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89631360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1428766","display_name":"Phase noise","level":2,"score":0.4458080232143402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.43536484241485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3375018239021301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.20782199501991272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.19927603006362915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1918574869632721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.16329947113990784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.15740898251533508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2939027","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2939027","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08822724.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:820d447839084d20b08c9d7c327d68d3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/820d447839084d20b08c9d7c327d68d3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 125796-125805 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2939027","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2939027","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08822724.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2311253232","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"201801D121145","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322666","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2755817766","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017\u2014key 2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321884","funder_display_name":"Shanxi Scholarship Council of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3445196770","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61705159","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3720360205","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017-key 2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321884","funder_display_name":"Shanxi Scholarship Council of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3967505519","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61731014","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6183341412","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61671316","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6229389251","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61775158","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321884","display_name":"Shanxi Scholarship Council of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04atp4p48"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322666","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2971887892.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2971887892.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":102,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W206222754","https://openalex.org/W1503544849","https://openalex.org/W1517403092","https://openalex.org/W1565273324","https://openalex.org/W1575800992","https://openalex.org/W1580991036","https://openalex.org/W1581980110","https://openalex.org/W1588877666","https://openalex.org/W1604613637","https://openalex.org/W1712912884","https://openalex.org/W1717406790","https://openalex.org/W1753039820","https://openalex.org/W1963898916","https://openalex.org/W1980645273","https://openalex.org/W1986590348","https://openalex.org/W1988661703","https://openalex.org/W1990478559","https://openalex.org/W1995415405","https://openalex.org/W1998954051","https://openalex.org/W1999094902","https://openalex.org/W1999854033","https://openalex.org/W2004694319","https://openalex.org/W2005224605","https://openalex.org/W2007675081","https://openalex.org/W2010205010","https://openalex.org/W2014012603","https://openalex.org/W2014905809","https://openalex.org/W2017162862","https://openalex.org/W2018906563","https://openalex.org/W2024167332","https://openalex.org/W2028424369","https://openalex.org/W2031590600","https://openalex.org/W2042376291","https://openalex.org/W2052639402","https://openalex.org/W2056526236","https://openalex.org/W2060090456","https://openalex.org/W2078537410","https://openalex.org/W2081024858","https://openalex.org/W2083724486","https://openalex.org/W2090888886","https://openalex.org/W2092798673","https://openalex.org/W2095609723","https://openalex.org/W2098280680","https://openalex.org/W2098543956","https://openalex.org/W2104004623","https://openalex.org/W2104271748","https://openalex.org/W2104340505","https://openalex.org/W2108324407","https://openalex.org/W2113158626","https://openalex.org/W2118565267","https://openalex.org/W2119123494","https://openalex.org/W2121559464","https://openalex.org/W2123684973","https://openalex.org/W2124006010","https://openalex.org/W2132800787","https://openalex.org/W2132979456","https://openalex.org/W2134539886","https://openalex.org/W2136473487","https://openalex.org/W2138990845","https://openalex.org/W2139280266","https://openalex.org/W2142015661","https://openalex.org/W2142355167","https://openalex.org/W2143217913","https://openalex.org/W2145640208","https://openalex.org/W2149404985","https://openalex.org/W2150778842","https://openalex.org/W2154347069","https://openalex.org/W2154519861","https://openalex.org/W2157383432","https://openalex.org/W2160990975","https://openalex.org/W2161890359","https://openalex.org/W2162202336","https://openalex.org/W2167352984","https://openalex.org/W2171992767","https://openalex.org/W2177571745","https://openalex.org/W2325231096","https://openalex.org/W2334036084","https://openalex.org/W2335649520","https://openalex.org/W2340448478","https://openalex.org/W2344061241","https://openalex.org/W2401371495","https://openalex.org/W2442161277","https://openalex.org/W2560002087","https://openalex.org/W2696718061","https://openalex.org/W2733413185","https://openalex.org/W2760735112","https://openalex.org/W2927621939","https://openalex.org/W2935497905","https://openalex.org/W2988683112","https://openalex.org/W3037711972","https://openalex.org/W3140517496","https://openalex.org/W3151438815","https://openalex.org/W4243494487","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6631018220","https://openalex.org/W6648212474","https://openalex.org/W6674725526","https://openalex.org/W6678356434","https://openalex.org/W6682151157","https://openalex.org/W6730593723","https://openalex.org/W6740932380","https://openalex.org/W6761274644"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2121182846","https://openalex.org/W2155789024","https://openalex.org/W2315668284","https://openalex.org/W3213608175","https://openalex.org/W2109491806","https://openalex.org/W3117675750","https://openalex.org/W2141743053","https://openalex.org/W2037276323","https://openalex.org/W2008250178","https://openalex.org/W4388000846"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"True":[0],"random":[1],"number":[2],"generators":[3],"(TRNGs)":[4],"are":[5,124,140,147],"a":[6],"fundamental":[7],"resource":[8],"in":[9,20,50,71,108],"information":[10,19],"security":[11,17,40],"and":[12,35,48,95,114,120,142],"can":[13],"guarantee":[14],"the":[15,25,33,37,64,74,86,92,132],"absolute":[16],"of":[18,29,39,88,110],"principle.":[21],"Entropy":[22],"source":[23,58],"is":[24,36,46,53],"most":[26],"critical":[27],"part":[28],"TRNGs,":[30,72],"which":[31,45],"provides":[32],"unpredictability":[34],"root":[38],"for":[41,59,135],"TRNGs.":[42,60],"Electrical":[43],"noise,":[44],"inevitable":[47],"unpredictable":[49],"electronic":[51],"systems,":[52],"always":[54],"used":[55],"as":[56],"entropy":[57],"This":[61],"review":[62],"discusses":[63],"different":[65],"methods":[66,123],"to":[67],"harvest":[68],"electrical":[69,89,138],"noise":[70,77,90,97,139],"including":[73],"early":[75],"amplify":[76,96],"based":[78,83,98],"on":[79,84,91,99],"amplifier,":[80],"phase":[81],"jitter":[82],"oscillator,":[85],"effect":[87],"metastable":[93],"behavior":[94],"chaos":[100],"circuits.":[101],"Each":[102],"method":[103],"has":[104],"its":[105],"own":[106],"strengths":[107],"aspect":[109],"speed,":[111],"cost,":[112],"complexity":[113],"portability.":[115],"Finally,":[116],"some":[117,143],"post-processing":[118],"technologies":[119],"TRNG":[121],"evaluation":[122],"also":[125],"discussed.":[126],"With":[127],"this":[128],"review,":[129],"we":[130],"hope":[131],"current":[133],"spots":[134],"TRNGs":[136],"using":[137],"summarized":[141],"possible":[144],"future":[145],"directions":[146],"pointed":[148],"out.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-05-07T13:39:58.223016","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}